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PART 1 WORLD REVIEW
shared ecosystems and the transboundary nature of many stocks form a complex web. As such, it is important to consider not only the global trend of the indicator but also the national and regional contexts of these figures. Despite a marginal decline globally, fisheries and aquaculture remain essential to many economies throughout the world, especially in least developed countries (LDCs), where contributions to GDP are far above the global average (Figure 53). Sub-Saharan Africa has seen a growing contribution of sustainable fisheries to GDP, from 0.27 percent in 2011 to 0.42 percent in 2021. Similarly, in SIDS, the contribution rose from 0.46 percent in 2019 to 0.51 percent by 2021. Pacific SIDS – among the most reliant on fisheries worldwide – saw the
percentage of GDP linked to sustainable fisheries climb from 1.54 percent in 2019 to 1.63 percent in
- This growth highlights the sector’s potential as a catalyst for economic development despite facing challenges of diminishing returns in other regions of the world, notably in LDCs.
The existing framework for evaluating Indicator 14.7.1 (FAO, 2020) establishes a global benchmark for analysing the sector while also aiming for progressive methodological improvement and developing parallel indicators, as appropriate. Box 8 explores one example of enhancing sustainability reporting and interlinkages between Indicator 14.4.1 and Indicator 14.7.1.
FIGURE 52 PROGRESS IN THE DEGREE OF IMPLEMENTATION OF INTERNATIONAL INSTRUMENTS AIMED AT
COMBATING IUU FISHING BY REGION, 2018–2024 (SDG INDICATOR 14.6.1)
1 2 3 4 5
Small Island Developing States
Least developed countries
Europe and Northern America
Australia and New Zealand*
Eastern and South-Eastern Asia
Latin America and the Caribbean
Northern Africa and Western Asia
Central and Southern Asia
Oceania (excluding Australia and New Zealand)
Sub-Saharan Africa
World
2018 2020 2022 2024
NOTES: IUU – illegal, unreported and unregulated. The chart shows the average level of implementation of the indicator by countries within each grouping, from the lowest (1) to the highest (5).
- Insufficient number of reporting states to create an aggregated score for this regional grouping in 2022. SOURCE: For the bar chart data: UNSD. (forthcoming). SDG Indicators Database. https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/
THE STATE OF WORLD FISHERIES AND AQUACULTURE 2024
Assessing the degree of recognition and
protection of access rights for small-scale
fishers: Indicator 14.b.
Indicator 14.b.1 measures the progress by countries in the degree of application of a legal/ regulatory/policy/institutional framework that recognizes and protects access rights for small-scale fisheries (UNSD, 2024e). The indicator scores are provided by FAO Members when responding to three questions in the CCRF online questionnaire (FAO, 2020). The first feature of the indicator score explores legislation or policies in place that specifically target or address small-scale fisheries. The second feature
assesses concrete action in support of small-scale fisheries, in line with the Voluntary Guidelines for Securing Sustainable Small-Scale Fisheries (SSF Guidelines). The third feature measures participation of small-scale fisheries actors in decision-making.
The global average of the indicator score generated from countries reporting in 2024 showed a decline in the level of implementation from 5 in 2022 to 4 in 2024, with 54 percent of reporting states scoring 5 in 2024 (FAO, 2024f). This decline may represent more the global average score given a slight increase in total reporting countries in 2024 from 2022 (Table 12).
FIGURE 53 VALUE OF SUSTAINABLE FISHERIES AS A PERCENTAGE OF COUNTRIES’ GDP BY SDG REGION OR
GROUPING (SDG INDICATOR 14.7.1)
2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021
0.0% 0.5% 1.0% 1.5% 2.0%
Least developed countries
Small Island Developing States
World
Oceania excluding Australia and New Zealand
Eastern Asia and South-Eastern Asia
Oceania
Sub-Saharan Africa
Western Asia and Northern Africa
Central Asia and South-Eastern Asia
Latin America and the Caribbean
Northern America and Europe
NOTE: GDP – gross domestic product. SOURCE: For the bar chart data: UNSD. 2024. SDG Indicators Database. [Accessed on 1 June 2024]. https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/
THE STATE OF WORLD FISHERIES AND AQUACULTURE 2024
global study.ac^ It found that for every 10 tonnes of small-scale fisheries catch, 4 tonnes are formally governed through co-management, but co-management is actually implemented for only 2 of these tonnes. Countries with NPOAs-SSF have prioritized fishers’ empowerment and improving governance, including putting in place effective and applicable co-management frameworks. New national small-scale fisheries organizations such as national chapters of the regional African Women Network of Fish Processors and Traders and of the Ibero-American Small-Scale Artisanal Fishing
ac See: https://www.fao.org/voluntary-guidelines-small-scale- fisheries/ihh/en/
Network illustrate the readiness of small-scale fisheries actors to engage.
To strengthen capacities to achieve Target 14.b more broadly, countries have been supported in relation to enhanced post-harvest practices for improved food safety, quality standards and marketability of products, as well as organizational development of small-scale fishers on governance,ad^ leadership skills, gender transformative approaches and business management. Mappings of women’s small-scale
ad See, for example, the FAO elearning Academy course on Governance in small-scale fisheries available at: https://elearning.fao.org/course/view.php?id=
FIGURE 54 PROGRESS IN THE DEGREE OF APPLICATION OF A LEGAL/REGULATORY/POLICY INSTITUTIONAL
FRAMEWORK WHICH RECOGNIZES AND PROTECTS ACCESS RIGHTS FOR SMALL-SCALE FISHERIES BY
REGION, 2018–2024 (SDG INDICATOR 14.B.1)
Small Island Developing States
Least developed countries
Europe and Northern America
Oceania (excluding Australia and New Zealand)
Eastern and South-Eastern Asia
Latin America and the Caribbean
Sub-Saharan Africa
Central and Southern Asia
Northern Africa and Western Asia
Australia and New Zealand*
World
2018 2020 2022 2024
1 2 3 4 5
NOTES: The chart shows the average level of implementation of the indicator by countries within each grouping, from the lowest (1) to the highest (5).
- Insufficient number of reporting states to create an aggregated score for this regional grouping in 2022. SOURCE: For the bar chart data: UNSD. (forthcoming). SDG Indicators Database. https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/
PART 1 WORLD REVIEW
FIGURE 55 REPORTING RATES RECORDED FOR SDG INDICATORS 14.4.1, 14.6.1 AND 14.B.1 BETWEEN
2018 AND 2024 ACCORDING TO UNSD GROUPINGS
NOTE: United Nations Statistics Division (UNSD) groupings: developed, developing, least developed countries (LDCs), Small Island Developing States (SIDS). SOURCES: For the donut chart data: UNSD. (forthcoming). SDG Indicators Database. https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/ For UNSD groupings: UNSD. 2024. SDG Indicators. Regional groupings used in Report and Statistical Annex. In: United Nations. New York. [Cited 19 April 2024]. https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/indicators/regional-groups/
INDICATOR 14.B.
DEVELOPED DEVELOPING LDCs SIDS
INDICATOR 14.6.
DEVELOPED DEVELOPING LDCs SIDS
INDICATOR 14.4.
DEVELOPED DEVELOPING LDCs SIDS
2018 2020 2022 2024
2019/ 2022/
2019/ 2022/
2019/ 2022/
2019/ 2022/
2018 2020 2022 2024
2018 2020 2022 2024
2018 2020 2022 2024
2018 2020 2022 2024
2018 2020 2022 2024
2018 2020 2022 2024
2018 2020 2022 2024
Percentage of countries: Reporting Not reporting
FISHERIES
AND AQUACULTURE
IN NUMBERS
WORLD AQUATIC ANIMAL PRODUCTION
WORLD ALGAE PRODUCTION
WORLD FISHERIES AND AQUACULTURE PRODUCTION BY MARINE AREAS AND INLAND WATERS
WORLD FISHERIES AND AQUACULTURE PRODUCTION
PRODUCTION 2022
83 % AQUATIC ANIMALS
17 % ALGAE
MILLION
TONNES
37.8 MILLION TONNES
51 %
49 %
AQUACULTURE
CAPTURE
FISHERIES
94.4 MILLION TONNES
91.0 MILLION TONNES
185 MILLION TONNES
1st TIME*
3 % CAPTURE FISHERIES
97 % AQUACULTURE
38 MILLION TONNES
36.5 MILLION TONNES
1.3 MILLION TONNES
INLAND
MARINE
45 % 12 %
55 % 88 %
AQUACULTURE CAPTURE FISHERIES
MARINE
MILLION
TONNES
MILLION
TONNES
INLAND
MILLION
TONNES
MILLION
TONNES
- Farmed aquatic animals for the first time ever exceeded captured aquatic animals by volume.
FISHERIES AND AQUACULTURE IN NUMBERS
WORLD FISHERIES AND AQUACULTURE PRODUCTION BY SPECIES GROUP
WORLD AQUATIC ANIMAL PRODUCTION AND USE FOR HUMAN CONSUMPTION
WORLD AQUATIC ANIMAL PRODUCTION BY REGION*
PRODUCTION 2022
FINFISH
ALGAE
MOLLUSCS
CRUSTACEANS
MISCELLANEOUS
63 %
17 %
11 %
8 %
1 %
AQUACULTURE CAPTURE FISHERIES
MARINE
MILLION
TONNES
MILLION
TONNES
INLAND
MILLION
TONNES
MILLION
TONNES
DIRECT
FOOD USE
NON-DIRECT
FOOD USES
185 MILLION TONNES
9 %
7 %
1 %
9 %
FISHERIES AND AQUACULTURE IN NUMBERS
INTERNATIONAL TRADE OF AQUATIC PRODUCTS
TOP EXPORTERS AND IMPORTERS OF AQUATIC ANIMAL PRODUCTS (USD BILLION)
FISHING FLEET CAPACITY
TRADE 2022
FISHING FLEET 2022
USD
195
BILLION
+19%
USD BILLION
230 COUNTRIES AND TERRITORIES
EXPORTERS IMPORTERS
$
CHINA
NORWAY
VIET NAM
ECUADOR
CHILE
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
CHINA
JAPAN
SPAIN
FRANCE
BY MOTORIZATION
BY REGION
MOTORIZED NON-MOTORIZED
AFRICA ASIA EUROPE LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN NORTHERN AMERICA OCEANIA
3.3 MILLION 1.6 MILLION
FISHERIES AND AQUACULTURE IN NUMBERS
APPARENT CONSUMPTION OF AQUATIC ANIMAL FOODS PER CAPITA BY REGION
AQUATIC FOODS AND NUTRITION
CONSUMPTION
WORLD APPARENT SUPPLY OF AQUATIC ANIMAL FOODS
165 MILLION TONNES
WORLD APPARENT CONSUMPTION OF AQUATIC ANIMAL FOODS PER CAPITA PER YEAR
20.7 KG PER CAPITA
ESTIMATED
9.1 KG
PER CAPITA
+127%
25 KG
22 KG
22 KG
23 KG
11 KG
9 KG
AFRICA ASIA EUROPE LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN NORTHERN AMERICA OCEANIA
MINERALS
Fe I Zn Ca
PROTEINS
OMEGA-
FATTY ACIDS
VITAMINS
A B12 D
Fe I A^ B
SOUTH AFRICA Small-scale net fishers. © FAO/Tommy Trenchard
PART 2
BLUE TRANSFORMATION
IN ACTION
BLUE TRANSFORMATION:
A ROADMAP
An alarming 735 million people around the world are facing hunger, 122 million more than before the COVID-19 pandemic. In addition, over 3.1 billion people cannot afford a healthy diet today and projections indicate that 600 million people will remain chronically undernourished in 2030. During both the 2021 United Nations Food Systems Summit (UNFSS) and again at the 2023 UNFSS Stocktaking Moment, UN Member States recognized the multifaceted nature of food insecurity, and the need to address both supply chains and communities involved in all food production sectors through agrifood systems transformation.
Aquatic foods – with their low environmental footprint, great diversity and capacity to supply critical nutrients to sustain healthy diets – are one of the seven priorities for ending hunger (Von Braun et al ., 2021). In 2021, FAO launched its Blue Transformation vision (FAO, 2022a), aimed at maximizing the opportunities presented by aquatic food systems to enhance food security, improve nutrition, eradicate poverty, and support the achievement of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.
Blue Transformation is a targeted effort by which all stakeholders use existing and emerging knowledge, tools and practices to secure and sustainably maximize the contribution of aquatic food systems to food security, nutrition and affordable healthy diets for all. Blue Transformation proposes concrete actions and quantifiable targets to measure over time how aquatic food systems enhance their catalytic role to combat hunger and malnutrition, within the framework of the 2030 Agenda.
Increasing sustainable production alone does not necessarily lead to lower hunger rates, which is why Blue Transformation takes a systemic approach that builds sustainable, resilient, gender-responsive and inclusive fisheries and aquaculture at the local, regional and global levels, while ensuring that aquatic food systems are resilient to climate change and other natural and human-made disasters.
To clarify the concept and to offer guidance to its Members and partners, FAO developed the Blue Transformation Roadmapaf^ around three global objectives that reflect FAO’s vision for what aquatic food systems transformation must achieve by 2030 and beyond, aligning its policies and priority actions accordingly (Figure 56). These three objectives are:
- sustainable aquaculture expansion and intensification that meet the global demand for aquatic foods while ensuring equitable distribution of benefits;
- effective management of all fisheries, ensuring healthy stocks and equitable livelihoods; and
- upgraded aquatic value chains that guarantee the social, economic and environmental sustainability of aquatic food systems.
For each global objective, the roadmap outlines a set of targets that reflect the social, economic and environmental aspects to address to transform aquatic food systems. To reach these global objectives and targets, FAO promotes collaborative efforts and initiatives involving its Members, international and regional organizations, the private sector, civil society, academia, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), and other actors of aquatic food systems. The roadmap
af The Blue Transformation Roadmap can be found here: https://www.fao.org/3/cc6646en/cc6646en.pdf
THE STATE OF WORLD FISHERIES AND AQUACULTURE 2024
document that will guide the sector into the future. The section also highlights innovations to improve aquaculture systems, aquafeeds, aquatic genetic resources and biosecurity for healthier, more efficient and safer production. These actions are led by FAO in collaboration with a global network of practitioners, experts, researchers and private enterprises aiming to achieve 35 percent growth in global sustainable aquaculture production by 2030.
Improving fisheries sustainability presents recent successes in effective management of global fisheries to achieve healthier fishery stocks and equitable livelihoods. The section covers progress in global governance frameworks such as the Port State Measures Agreement (PSMA) and the Voluntary Guidelines for Securing Sustainable Small-Scale Fisheries in the Context of Food Security and Poverty Eradication (SSF Guidelines). It also focuses on the growing role of regional fishery bodies (RFBs) that must adjust their mandates and activities to embrace new agreements such as the World Trade Organization (WTO) Agreement on Fisheries Subsidies and the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) Agreement on the Conservation and Sustainable Use of Marine Biological Diversity of Areas beyond National Jurisdiction (BBNJ Agreement). The section also describes a key FAO-led initiative that implements a science-based approach to assess the status of fishery resources and better support fisheries management, and promotes the latest technological innovations to support responsible fishing practices.
Innovations in sustainable trade and value chains covers priority actions undertaken to upgrade aquatic food value chains and guarantee their social, economic and environmental sustainability. This includes FAO’s actions to support Members so they can comply with trade agreements and market access requirements. The section also focuses on innovative and technologically inclusive approaches to traceability and certification, and the reduction of fish loss and waste. It highlights FAO’s efforts to develop guidance on social sustainability in fish value chains – an urgently needed instrument to address issues of gender equality, decent work and occupational safety in aquatic
food systems. Finally, the section deals with consumer awareness, and the overall goal of fully integrating aquatic foods in national and global food security and nutrition strategies.
FAO’s Blue Transformation vision represents a shift in the Organization’s approach to integrating aquatic foodsinto global food security and sustainability. By establishing clear objectives and enhancing policy advocacy, scientific research, capacity building, promotion of sustainable practices, innovation, and community involvement, FAO aims to charter a sustainable future for the world’s aquatic food systems. Blue Transformation in action provides examples of how FAO and its partners address and deliver on these needs. (^) n
SUSTAINABLE
AQUACULTURE IN ACTION
This section focuses on global normative frameworks, aquatic genetic resource management, biosecurity and disease control, innovation and technology to support sustainable aquaculture intensification and expansion to meet the growing demand for aquatic foods.
Progress in the development of the FAO Guidelines for Sustainable Aquaculture Introduction From 2017, FAO worked with Members to develop the first ever Guidelines for Sustainable Aquaculture (GSA). This process included seven regional consultations involving 120 Members, and two expert consultations. The guidelines were technically endorsed at the Twelfth Session of the Committee on Fisheries Sub-Committee on Aquaculture (COFI:AQ) in May 2023, and submitted to the Thirty-sixth Session of the Committee on Fisheries (COFI) for adoption in July 2024.
The guidelines aim to provide guidance to Members on the sustainable development of aquaculture – the fastest-growing food production sector – consistent with the FAO 1995 Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries (CCRF) and the FAO Blue Transformation Roadmap, and in line with the FAO Strategic Framework 2022–2031.
PART 2 BLUE TRANSFORMATION IN ACTION
Overview of the guidelines The GSA comprise three sections.
Section A describes the objectives and guiding principles of the guidelines:
Objectives providing normative guidance for sustainable aquaculture policies: enhancing food security and nutrition; improving socioeconomic conditions for aquaculture-dependent communities; and promoting the sustainable use of aquatic resources. Principles forming the basis of the guidelines: sustainability, environmental stewardship, the rule of law, non-discrimination, equity and equality, consultation and participation, transparency and accountability, and holistic and integrated approaches.
Section B provides guidance for promoting sustainable aquaculture focusing on who, what and how to:
develop and implement effective policy and planning, and legal and institutional frameworks, and integrate aquaculture into public policies for food systems and economic development, considering an ecosystem approach to aquaculture (Box 9);ag manage natural resources and aquaculture operations sustainably, considering the ecosystem and the impact of climate change and natural disasters, conserving aquatic biodiversity, managing genetic resources for sustainable seed supply, supplying sustainable feed, and strengthening biosecurity and animal welfare; enhance social responsibility, decent work, youth employment and gender equality,
ag See: https://www.fao.org/3/ca7972en/ca7972en.pdf
BOX 9 ALART: AN FAO TOOL TO REFORM NATIONAL AQUACULTURE LEGISLATION
Following a multidisciplinary and participatory process, FAO has developed the Aquaculture Legal Assessment and Revision Tool (ALART)* – a two-step methodology to assess the national legal framework underpinning the aquaculture sector. As the aquaculture sector is diverse and complex, with different species, water environments, aquaculture systems and technologies, the first step of the ALART methodology entails scoping the aquaculture sector of a given country, identifying the type of species cultured, the areas where aquaculture is undertaken, and at what socioeconomic scale the sector operates. The second step allows users the opportunity to comment on existing aquaculture legislation or policies. The set of 142 questions is organized into nine sections: policy issues, institutional arrangements, tenure arrangements, planning and approval, production (inputs), production (facility management), post-production, disease prevention and control,
and inspection and enforcement. ALART is useful for identifying information and normative gaps in a country’s aquaculture sector, thus shedding light on the need for legislative reform or identifying areas for future research and development. Complementing ALART is the FAO legislative study, “Legal frameworks for sustainable aquaculture”,** which not only provides information, but analyses the normative framework for aquaculture at the international and national levels, identifying the key elements of an appropriate legal framework for sustainable aquaculture development. The study clarifies the issues to be addressed both in aquaculture-specific laws and in other legislation (e.g. agriculture, the environment). ALART should be used in conjunction with the related legislative study to optimize the assessment of a country’s aquaculture legal framework. The ALART online portal*** provides the option of using ALART and the study online and in an interactive manner.
NOTES: * See: https://www.fao.org/policy-support/tools-and-publications/resources-details/en/c/1639260/ ** See: https://www.fao.org/family-farming/detail/es/c/1640760/ *** Available at a beta version of ALART currently under review (to be updated when the site goes live): https://alart.review.fao.org/en
PART 2 BLUE TRANSFORMATION IN ACTION
BOX 10 AQUACULTURE PARKS: A MODEL FOR SUSTAINABLE AQUACULTURE PRODUCTION
In aquaculture, aquapark, also known as “aquaculture park”, “aquaculture cluster” or “aquaculture village”, refers to an aquaculture organizational model developed to support small-scale aquafarmers throughout the value chain. An aquapark requires a specialized, well-organized and business-oriented infrastructure, and efficient and approved operational procedures. In general, an aquapark includes all the input supply chain facilities and logistics needed to provide seed, aquafeed and technical services, production components (i.e. workers and production assets), and processing, distribution and marketing components (i.e. traders, processors, cold storage, transport and marketing facilities, and logistics). Some aquaparks integrate other activities such as ecotourism or cultural demonstrations to enhance their business model. Aquaparks have been introduced and established worldwide, but their model varies depending on local circumstances and business objectives. An aquapark may include “enterprises + farmers” (basic stage); “enterprises + cooperatives
- farmers” (intermediate stage); or “leading enterprises + demonstration sites + cooperatives + farmers” (advanced stage). Aquaparks are managed using a community-based approach to coordinate activities and professional support. Typically, a management team is responsible for coordinating and supervising production operations and supporting services. This approach reduces costs, creates synergies and fosters development. Government authorities at local or national level often guide the planning, providing technical, financial and policy support and incentives – both to attract public and private investment for infrastructures and access to inputs and resources, and to facilitate a business-oriented development of sustainable aquaculture.
MAONAN TILAPIA AQUACULTURE PARK The Maonan Tilapia Aquaculture Park is located in Maonan District, Maoming City, Guangdong Province, China, and covers 30 100 hectares
(see figure). As of December 2022, this aquapark benefited 3 983 fish farming households and employed 12 617 workers, accounting for 73.45 percent of the total Maonan District aquaculture workforc (Zhang et al., 2024). The aquapark focuses on farming tilapia and has become an aquaculture industrial base in Guangdong Province, producing 800 million high-quality tilapia fingerlings annually. The annual aquafeed supply is 286 000 tonnes for an annual production of tilapia of almost 220 000 tonnes, generating an average yearly income of over USD 4 615 per capita along the entire value chain. In addition, 1 800 farmers have received technical training on tilapia farming and gone on to become key players in the demonstration sites. Meanwhile, almost 10 percent of the total aquaculture area is allocated for water treatment and purification, and various aquatic plants and filter feeders have been stocked and grown in surrounding water bodies, securing additional environmental benefits. In addition, good pond management practices (i.e. increasing dissolved oxygen in the water and conducting water exchange regularly) promote the healthy aquatic environment required for efficient production. The establishment of the aquapark and its operation benefited from a public–private partnership, with private operators contributing up to 60 percent of the financing, and the rest provided through provincial government (25 percent) and local government (15 percent) funding. The aquapark has adopted the development mode of “leading enterprises
- demonstration sites + cooperatives + farmers”. The public sector has also supported several leading enterprises that each manage the development and operations of 10–20 demonstration sites. These enterprises provide fingerlings and feeds, technical training and services for aquafarmers to carry out grow-out production of tilapia, while cooperatives are responsible for attracting pre-production investments, selecting production technologies and boosting sales.
SOURCE: Zhang, L., Hou, Y., Ye, W., Yuan, Y., Li, Q., Jiang, S., Li, H. et al. 2024. The establishment and operation of aquaparks – Experiences from China. FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Technical Papers, No. 712. Rome, FAO. https://doi.org/10.4060/cd0449en
THE STATE OF WORLD FISHERIES AND AQUACULTURE 2024
BOX 10 (Continued)
THE AQUACULTURE PARK CONCEPT
SOURCE: Author's own elaboration.
Water pump
Grow-out pond
Water supply
Broodstock pond
Nursery
Nursery
Feed mill workshop
Hatchery workshop
Service centre
Cold chain storage
Processing workshop
Processed tilapia
CREDITS: Nursery, Grow-out pond, Processed tilapia, Processing workshop and Hatcheryworkshop pictures © FFRC/Jun Qiang; Broodstock pond picture © FAO/Anton Ellenbroek.
