Human Anatomy: Structure, Systems, and Anatomical Terminology, Diapositivas de Anatomía

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Human Anatomy

ANATOMICAL

Division POSITION Glossary TOPICS

Concept History

Reference position in which the body is located Divisions of systematic anatomy Movements) (Plans, Axes and Study of the development of anatomical knowledge over time Branch of biological sciences Terms^ with^ their definitions

The word human anatomy (ana = up and tomos = short) Human anatomy is the branch of human biology that studies the form and structure of the living organism and the relationships between its parts. This 2,000-year-old discipline was born in Ancient Egypt and was further developed over the centuries by important figures in the history of anatomy such as Galen, Leonardo da Vinci, Vesalius, and others.

ANATOMY

Heart Liver Brain Lungs

Kidneys

uterus uterus (^) Intestine INTERNAL ORGANS body. Stomach Store, mix and begin the digestion of food through its gastric juices , transforming them into a semi-liquid substance called chyme. Filter the blood to remove waste and excess fluid, forming urine. For digestion, essential nutrients from food are absorbed in the small intestine, while water is absorbed in the large intestine and feces are formed to be eliminated from the body. Filter blood, metabolize nutrients, produce bile for fat digestion, store energy in the form of glycogen and eliminate toxins from the body. Pumping blood throughout the body, of oxygen ensuring the transport and nutrients to organs and tissues. It involves gas exchange: oxygenating the blood by capturing oxygen from the air and exchanging it for carbon dioxide, which is expelled when exhaling. It controls vital functions such as thought, movement, memory, language and emotions. So as They also regulate electrolyte balance, pH, blood pressure, and produce important hormones such as erythropoietin. To shelter, nourish, and protect the embryo and fetus during pregnancy, contracting to facilitate delivery.

Hippocrates

(460– 370 BC)

A contemporary of Herophilus, he also performed dissections and contributed to the study of the nervous and circulatory systems. Greek physician and philosopher who developed an extensive corpus of anatomy and physiology, teachings that dominated medicine for more than 1,400 years. Considered the father of medicine, he began dissections and established the doctor-patient relationship. He performed the first systematic dissections of human cadavers in Alexandria, laying the foundations of human anatomy. He founded comparative anatomy with his studies of more than 500 living beings and made the distinction between veins and arteries.

Erasistratus of Ceos

(304– 250 BC)

Herophilus of Chalcedon

(335– 280 BC)

Aristotle (384– 322 BC)

Galen of Pergamum (129–

c. 201/216 AD)

Ancient Age HISTORY

Bartolomeo Eustachio (c. 1524–1574) Andreas Vesalius (1514–1564) "Anathomia Mundini" in 1316, an anatomical text Italian doctor who reintroduced dissection own that corrected previous anatomical errors. important discoveries in the 1543, a detailed work based on dissections public of human corpses and wrote modern,^ published^ "De^ humani^ corporis^ fabrica"^ in Considered the founder of anatomy that was used for generations. Contemporary of Vesalius, he made auditory (^) system, including (^) the description of the Eustachian tube. Mondino de Luzzi (1270–1326) HISTORY Renaissance

either Although anatomy is studied in separate systems such as osteology, myology, and angiology, they are all so interconnected that a simple action, such as raising an arm, activates muscles, bones, joints, nerves, blood vessels, and even sensory receptors, all at the same time!

Integumentary system Lymphatic system System Endocrine System Digestive^ Muscular System System Highly strung SYSTEMS

The digestive system transforms food into nutrients, the muscular system allows movement, and the integumentary

system protects the body. The lymphatic system defends against infections, the endocrine system regulates functions

through hormones, and the nervous system coordinates responses and processes information from the environment.

forwards. ÿ The head is straight, looking forward. ÿ The feet are together and also facing forward. Main characteristics: ÿ The body is upright or standing. ÿ The upper limbs (arms) hang at the sides of the trunk. ÿ The palms of the hands face downward. The anatomical position is the standard reference posture used in anatomy to describe the location and relationship of different parts of the body. This position is fundamental because it serves as a starting point to describe the anatomy and movements of the body without ambiguity, always with the same reference. Without the anatomical position, talking about the body would be like giving directions without saying where you're starting from: total chaos. ANATOMICAL POSITION forwards.

ANATOMICAL POSITION

3. Transverse plane:

Also called the horizontal plane, it divides the body into an upper (cephalic)

and a lower (caudal) part. It is perpendicular to the sagittal and coronal

planes.

4. Coronal or frontal plane:

It is a vertical plane that divides the body into an anterior (front) part

and a posterior (back) part.

2. Parasagittal plane:

They are vertical planes parallel to the median sagittal plane, but

they do not divide the body into equal parts; that is, they are on one side

or the other of the median plane.

It is a vertical plane that divides the body into two halves, right and left.

When it divides the body into exactly two equal parts, it is

called a midsagittal plane.

1. Sagittal plane:

ANATOMICAL PLANES

Relate movements to planes: Each plane has one or more associated axes to describe movements (flexion, extension, rotation, etc.). The axes are imaginary lines around which the movements of the body occur. Determine the type and direction of movement: For example, rotating the head around the vertical axis (longitudinal axis). ANATOMICAL AXES

ÿ PROXIMAL: Closest to the root of the limb. (The shoulder is the most proximal part of the arm.) ÿ DISTAL: Farthest from the root of the limb. (The wrist is more distal than the elbow.) ÿ CAUDAL: A structure is caudal when it is closest to the tail. It is the lowest. (The abdomen is more caudal than the thorax.) ÿ CRANIAL OR CEPHALIC: A structure is cranial when it is closest to the head, that is, the highest part of the body. (The thorax is more cranial than the abdomen.) GUIDANCE TERMS

ÿ VENTRAL: Structure located on the

front of the body. (The nose is on the

ventral surface of the body.) ÿ

DORSAL: Structure located on the back

of the body. (The scapulae are on the

dorsal surface of the body.)

GUIDANCE TERMS