Carbon Residue and Calorific Tests: A Comprehensive Guide to Fuel Analysis, Slides of Mechanical Engineering

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Carbon Residue Test

What is the

purpose

of carbon

residue

test?

• Carbon residue test is a crucial tool for assessing the quality and performance of various petroleum products, and for predicting their behavior under certain conditions. It helps in maintaining the efficiency and longevity of various systems where these products are used.

How does it form?

• Carbon residue is formed when gasoline is burned and used by a motor vehicle engine, producing exhaust that contains carbon monoxide. The leftover particles of a fuel product are transformed into carbon residue.

How is it measured?

• The test method used to calculate the amount of carbon residue is known as Ramsbottom Carbon Residue (RCR).
• Other methods include Micro Carbon Residue (MCR) and Conradson Carbon Residue (CCR) both of these methods are equivalent in that they return the same numerical value.

Ramsbottom Carbon Residue (RCR)

Ramsbottom Carbon Residue (RCR) is a method used in the petroleum industry to calculate the carbon residue of a fuel. The carbon residue value is considered by some to give an approximate indication of the combustibility and deposit forming tendencies of the fuel. Test method, 4 grams of the sample are put into a weighed glass bulb. The sample in the bulb is heated in a bath at 553 °C for 20 minutes. After cooling the bulb is weighed again and the difference noted.

Micro Carbon Residue (MCR)

apparatus

Micro Carbon Residue (MCR)

Test Method

• A sample is weighed, placed in a glass vial, and heated to 500°C.
• Heating is performed in a controlled manner, for a specific period of time, and under an inert (nitrogen) atmosphere.
• The sample undergoes coking reactions, with volatiles formed being swept away by the nitrogen.
• The carbonaceous residue remaining is reported as a mass percent of the original sample, and noted as “carbon residue (micro)”

Conradson Carbon Residue (CCR)

apparatus

Conradson Carbon Residue (CCR)

Test Method

• A quantity of sample is weighed, placed in a crucible, and subjected to destructive distillation.
• During a fixed period of severe heating, the residue undergoes cracking and coking reactions.
• At the termination of the heating period, the crucible containing the carbonaceous residue is cooled in a desiccator and weighed.
• The residue remaining is calculated as a percentage of the original sample and reported as Conradson carbon residue.

Test of solid fuels

How is the test of solid fuels conducted?

The calorific test is a method used to

determine the heat energy released by a

fuel when it is burned completely. The

calorific value of a fuel represents the

amount of heat energy liberated when a

unit mass or volume of the fuel undergoes

complete combustion.

How is the test of solid fuels conducted?

This measurement is usually expressed in

terms of joules per kilogram (J/kg) or British

thermal units per pound (BTU/lb). The

calorific test is typically performed using a

bomb calorimeter, a device specifically

designed to measure the heat of

combustion of solid fuels.

Bomb calorimeter apparatus

Bomb calorimeter Test Method

• A weighed sample of the solid fuel is placed in the bomb calorimeter, along with a known quantity of an ignition substance, often a fuse wire or a chemical igniter.
• After that, the bomb is sealed and submerged in the water for a short period of time.
• The heat that is released during the combustion process is absorbed by the water.