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Understanding Urban Identity and Water Resources, Summaries of Translation Theory

University of Languages & International StudiesTranslation Theory

The impact of urban environments on individual identity and the role of water resources in shaping human civilization. It discusses the barrage of images in cities that influence our self-perception, the shift from general to diverse representations, and the imperialism of taste in commodities. Additionally, it delves into the history and current challenges of water management, highlighting the need for smarter water use and infrastructure development.

Typology: Summaries

2022/2023

Uploaded on 04/04/2024

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PRACTICE TEST 32
SECTION I: LEXICO – GRAMMAR
Part I. Choose the best answer A, B, C or D to complete each of the following
sentences.
1. I’m not a serious investor, but I like to _______ in the stock market.
A. splash B. splatter C. paddle D. dabble
2. In all _______ there will never be a Third World War.
A. odds B. probability C. certainty D. possibilities
3. He had to retire from the match, suffering from a _______ ligament.
A. torn B. broken C. slipped D. sprained
4. You have to be rich to send a child to a private school because the fees are _______.
A. astrological B. aeronautical C. astronomical D. atmospherical
5. Archaeology is one of the most interesting scientific _______.
A. divisions B. disciplines C. matters D. compartments
6. It is doubtful whether the momentum of the peace movement can be _______.
A. sustained B. supplied C. supported D. subverted
7. Conversations you strike up with travelling acquaintances usually tend to be _______.
A. trivial B. perverse C. insufficient D. imperative
8. Charles Babbage’s difference engine was widely regarded as the _______ of the
computer.
A. ancestor B. precursor C. antecedent D. premonition
9. He was in his late fifties, with staring eyes and a _____ hairline.
A. straggling B. receding C. bushy D. curly
10. After several hours on the road, they became ____ to the fact that they would never
reach the hotel by nightfall.
A. dejected B. resigned C. depressed D. disillusioned
11. The professor’s _______ theory is that singing preceded speech.
A. preferable B. pet C. fond D. fancied
12. A local charity benefited from the _______ of the annual summer fate.
A. earnings B. income C. pay D. proceeds
13. Two months is _______ time to allow for the job to be completed.
A. profuse B. protracted C. ample D. extensive
14. After her eye operation she had to wear an eye _______ for protection.
A. patch B. veil C. glass D. screen
15. The noise of the machinery _______ the words of the factory manager.
A. covered B. suppressed C. drowned D. deadened
16. All that was left for breakfast was some _____ bread and tea.
A. stale B. rotten C. sour D. rancid
17. Emma fell down and _____ her knee.
A. skimmed B. grazed C. rubbed D. scrubbed
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Download Understanding Urban Identity and Water Resources and more Summaries Translation Theory in PDF only on Docsity!

PRACTICE TEST 32

SECTION I: LEXICO – GRAMMAR

Part I. Choose the best answer A, B, C or D to complete each of the following sentences.

  1. I’m not a serious investor, but I like to _______ in the stock market. A. splash B. splatter C. paddle D. dabble
  2. In all _______ there will never be a Third World War. A. odds B. probability C. certainty D. possibilities
  3. He had to retire from the match, suffering from a _______ ligament. A. torn B. broken C. slipped D. sprained
  4. You have to be rich to send a child to a private school because the fees are _______. A. astrological B. aeronautical C. astronomical D. atmospherical
  5. Archaeology is one of the most interesting scientific _______. A. divisions B. disciplines C. matters D. compartments
  6. It is doubtful whether the momentum of the peace movement can be _______. A. sustained B. supplied C. supported D. subverted
  7. Conversations you strike up with travelling acquaintances usually tend to be _______. A. trivial B. perverse C. insufficient D. imperative
  8. Charles Babbage’s difference engine was widely regarded as the _______ of the computer. A. ancestor B. precursor C. antecedent D. premonition
  9. He was in his late fifties, with staring eyes and a _____ hairline. A. straggling B. receding C. bushy D. curly
  10. After several hours on the road, they became ____ to the fact that they would never reach the hotel by nightfall. A. dejected B. resigned C. depressed D. disillusioned
  11. The professor’s _______ theory is that singing preceded speech. A. preferable B. pet C. fond D. fancied
  12. A local charity benefited from the _______ of the annual summer fate. A. earnings B. income C. pay D. proceeds
  13. Two months is _______ time to allow for the job to be completed. A. profuse B. protracted C. ample D. extensive
  14. After her eye operation she had to wear an eye _______ for protection. A. patch B. veil C. glass D. screen
  15. The noise of the machinery _______ the words of the factory manager. A. covered B. suppressed C. drowned D. deadened
  16. All that was left for breakfast was some _____ bread and tea. A. stale B. rotten C. sour D. rancid
  17. Emma fell down and _____ her knee. A. skimmed B. grazed C. rubbed D. scrubbed
  1. The Press thought the football manager would be depressed by his dismissal but he just _____. A. ran it down B. called it off C. turned it down D. laughed it off
  2. Lindsay’s excuses for being late are beginning to _____ rather thin. A. get B. turn C. wear D. go 20.The train service has been a _____ since they introduced the new schedules. A. shambles B. rumpus C. chaos D. fracas Part 2. Underline and correct the ten mistakes in the following passage. (10 points) ‘Oh, you’re so lucky live in Bath, it’s such a wonderful, lovely, historic place,’ people say enthusiastically, and all you can think about is the awful parking, the crowd of tourists, the expensive shops, the narrow-minded council, and the terrible traffic. Luckily I don’t live in Bath but nearly ten miles away in a village called Limpley Stoke in the Avon Valley. It seems to be normal in the countryside those days for professional people who work in the town to prefer to live in the villages; this makes the housing so expensive that the villagers and agricultural workers have to live in a cheaper accommodation in town, as the result that the farmers commute out to the farm and everyone else commutes in. Certainly, there’s nobody in the village who could be called an old-style villager. The people nearest to me involve a pilot, an accountant, a British Rail manager, a retired teacher … nor a farm worker amongst them. But I don’t think there is anything wrong with that – it’s just that the nature of villages are changing and there is still quite a strong sense of community here. Part 3. Fill in the blank with a suitable preposition or adverb particle.(10 points)
  3. I got the job _______ the strength of your recommendation.
  4. You must be weak _______ the head if you believe that.
  5. The shock put years _______ him.
  6. Prospects of success in the talks were put _______ zero.
  7. She was weighed _______ _______ parcels.
  8. His appearance was the subject _______ some critical comment.
  9. She went _______ the roof when I told her I’d crashed her car.
  10. If you do that again I’ll have the law _______ you.
  11. The government’s decision is a real kick _______ the teeth for the unions.
  12. She resembles her brother _______ looks. Part 4. Use the correct form of the word in brackets to complete the passage. ( points) In the deserts, as (1. where), rocks at the earth’s surface are changed by (2. weather), which may be defined as the (3. integrate) of rocks where they lie. Weathering processes are either chemical when (4. alter) of some of the (5. constitute) particles is involved; or
  1. A. fallout B. outcome C. turnout D. output
  2. A. revealing B. exhibiting C. displaying D. demonstrating
  3. A. mind B. opinion C. view D. reason
  4. A. make B. bear C. do D. carry Part 2. Read the text below and think of the word which best fits each space. Use only ONE word in each space. (10 pts) Mammals have brains. So they can feel pain, experience fear and react in disgust. If a wildebeest did not feel pain, it would carry on grazing as lions chewed it hind leg first. If an antelope did not sense fear, it would not (1) _____ into a sprint at the first hint of cheetah. If a canine were not disgusted, it would not vomit; it would not be, as the (2) _____ goes, sick as a dog. Pain, fear and disgust are (3) _____ of the mammalian survival machinery provided by tens of millions of years of (4) _____. Homo sapiens have, however, only been around for about 200,000 years. So all three emotional states (5)_____something to mammal origins. If football hooligans can feel those emotions, then (6) _____ do deer, foxes and dogs. The argument is about how "aware" or "conscious" non-human mammals might be during these emotional events. When an animal knows it is being chased and starts to run, is it obeying some instinct (7) _____ from ancestors that knew when to flee a danger zone or does it actually "know" to be afraid? That might be the wrong question. A human startled by a strange shape in a darkened corridor experiences a pounding heart, and lungs (8) _____ for air, and a body in recoil. This is the well-known flight or fight reaction. A human appreciated the full force of fear and has already started to counter the danger a fraction of a second before the brain has time to absorb and order the information contained in menacing shape. This is because mental calculations are too slow to cope with surprise attack. Pain (9) _____ logic. Touch something hot and you withdraw your hand even before you have time to think about doing so. Once again, the wisdom is (10) _____ the event. Part 3. Read the passage carefully and choose the best answer A, B, C or D. (15 pts) Image and the city In the city, we are barraged with images of the people we might become. Identity is presented as plastic, a matter of possessions and appearances; and a very large proportion

of the urban landscape is take up by slogans, advertisements, flatly photographed images of folk heroes - the man who turned into a sophisticated dandy overnight by drinking a particular brand of drink, the girl who transformed herself into a femme fatale with a squirt of cheap scent. The tone of the wording of these advertisements is usually pert and facetious, comically drowning in its own hyperbole. But the pictures are brutally exact; they reproduce every detail of a style of life, down to the brand of cigarette - lighter; the stone in the ring and the economic row of books on the shelf. Yet, if one studies a line of ads across from where one is sitting on a tube train, there images radically conflict with each other. Swap the details about between the pictures, and they are instantly made illegible if the characters they represent really are heroes, then they clearly have no individual claim to speak for society as a whole. The clean-cut and the shaggy, rakes, innocents, brutes, home-lovers, adventurers, clowns all compete for our attention and invite emulations. As a gallery, they do provide a glossy mirror of the aspirations of a representative city crowd: but it is exceedingly hard to discern a single dominant style an image of how most people would like to see themselves. Even in the business of the mass - production of images of identity, this shift from the general to the diverse and particular is quite recent. Consider another line of stills: the back-lit, soft-focus portraits of the first and second generations of great movie stars. There is a degree of romantic unparticularity in the face of each one, as if they were communal dream-projections of society at large. Only in the specialized genres of westerns, farces and gangster movies were stars allowed to have odd, knobby cadaverous faces. The hero as loner belonged to history or the underworld: he spoke from the perimeter of society, reminding us of its dangerous edges. The stars of the last decade have looked quite different. Soft-focus photography has gone, to be replaced by a style which searches out warts and bumps, emphasizes the uniqueness not the generality of the face. Voices, too, are strenuously idiosyncratic; whines, stammers and low rumbles are exploited as features of star quality. Instead of romantic heroes and heroines, we have a brutalist, hard-edged style in which isolation and egotism are assumed as natural social conditions. In the movies, as in the city, the sense of stable hierarchy has become increasingly exhausted; we no longer live in a world where we can all share the same values, the same

2. What does the writer say about advertisements in the first paragraph? A. Certain kinds are considered more effective in cities than others. B. The way in which some of them are worded is cleverer than it might appear C. They often depict people that most other people would not care to be like D. The pictures in them accurately reflect the way that some people really live. 3. The writer says that if you look at a line of advertisements on a tube train, it is clear that. A. city dwellers have very diverse ideas about what image they would like to have. B. some images in advertisements have a general appeal that others lack. C. city dwellers are more influenced by images on advertisements than other people are. D. some images are intended to be representative of everyone’s aspirations. 4. What does the writer imply about portraits of old movie start? A. They tried to disguise the less attractive features of their subjects. B. Most people did not think they were accurate representations of the stars in them C. They made people feel that their own faces were rather unattractive D. They reflected an era in which people felt basically safe. 5. What does the word ‘cadaverous’ mean? A. extremely pale and thin B. energetic and enthusiastic C. dangerous D. skeptical 6. What does the writer suggest about the stars of the last decade? A. Some of them may be uncomfortable about the way they come across. B. They make an effort to speak in a way that may not be pleasant on the ear C. They make people wonder whether they should become more selfish. D. Most people accept that they are not typical of society as a whole 7. What does the word ‘hierarchy’ mean? A. methodology B. hypothesis C. ideology D. system 8. The writer uses the crowd on an underground platform to exemplify his belief that. A. no single attitude to life is more common than another in a city. B. no one in a city has strict attitudes towards the behavior of other. C. views of what society was like in the past are often inaccurate. D. people in cities would like to have more in common with each other

9. The writer implies that new arrivals in a city may A. change the image they wish to have too frequently. B. underestimate the importance of wealth. C. acquire a certain image without understanding what that involves. D. decide that status is of little importance 10. What point does the writer make about city dwellers in the final paragraph? A. They are unsure as to why certain things are popular with others. B. They are aware that judgments are made about them according to what they buy. C. They want to acquire more and more possessions. D. They are keen to be the first to appreciate new styles. Part 4. The reading passage below has eight paragraphs, A-H. Reading the passage and do the tasks below. (10 pts) A. The history of human civilization is entwined with the history of the ways we have learned to manipulate water resources. As towns gradually expanded, water was brought from increasingly remote sources, leading to sophisticated engineering efforts such as dams and aqueducts. At the height of the Roman Empire, nine major systems, with an innovative layout of pipes and well-built sewers, supplied the occupants of Rome with as much water per person as is provided in many parts or the industrial world today. B. During the industrial revolution and population explosion of the 19th^ and 20th centuries, the demand for water rose dramatically. Unprecedented construction of tens of thousands of monumental engineering projects designed to control floods, protect clean water supplies, and provide water for irrigation and hydropower brought great benefits to hundreds of millions of people. Food production has kept pace with soaring populations mainly because of the expansion of artificial irrigation systems that make possible the growth of 40% the world’s food. Nearly one fifth of all the electricity generated worldwide is produced by turbines spun by the power of falling water. C. Yet there is a dark side to this picture: despite our progress, half of the world’s population still suffers, with water services inferior to those available to the ancient Greeks and Romans. As the United Nations report on access to water reiterated in

which people withdraw water from aquifers, rivers and lakes has slowed. And in a few parts of the world, demand has actually fallen. G. What explains this remarkable turn of events? Two factors: People have figured out how to use water more efficiently, and communities are rethinking their priorities for water use. Throughout the first three-quarters of the 20th^ century, the quantity of freshwater consumed pen person doubled on average; in the USA, water withdrawals increased tenfold while the population quadrupled. But since 1980, the amount of water consumed per person has actually decreased, thanks to a range of new technologies that help to conserve water in homes and industry. In 1965, for instance, Japan used approximately 13 million gallons of water to produce $ million of commercial output; by 1989 this had dropped to 3.5 million gallons (even accounting for inflation) - almost a quadrupling of water productivity. In the USA water withdrawals have fallen by more than 20% from their peak in 1980. H. On the other hand, dams, aqueducts and other kinds of infrastructure will still have to be built, particularly in developing countries where not been met. But such projects must be built to higher specifications and with more accountability to local people and their environment than in the past. And even in regions where projects seem warranted, we must find ways to meet demands with fewer resources, respecting ecological criteria and to a smaller budget. For questions 1-7, choose the correct heading for paragraphs B-H from the list of headings below Write the correct number, i-ix. List of headings i. Scientists’ call for a revision of policy ii. An explanation for reduced water use iii. How a global challenge was met iv. Irrigation systems fall into disuse v. Environmental effects vi. The financial cost of recent technological improvements vii. The relevance to health viii. Addressing the concern over increasing populations

ix. A surprising downward trend in demand for water x. The need to raise standards xi. A description of ancient water supplies Example: Paragraph A: xi

  1. Paragraph B …….
  2. Paragraph C …….
  3. Paragraph D …….
  4. Paragraph E ….…
  5. Paragraph F …….
  6. Paragraph G …….
  7. Paragraph H ……. Do the following statements agree with the information given in the passage. For question 8-10 write down Yes If the statement agrees with the claims of the writer No If the statement contradicts the claims of the writer Not given If it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this
  8. Feeding increasing populations is possible due primarily to improved irrigation systems
  9. Modern water systems imitate those of the ancient Greeks and Romans
  10. Industrial growth is increasing the overall demand for water. **Your answers

SECTION IV: WRITING (50 points) Part 1. Finish each of the following sentences in such a way that it means exactly the same as the sentence printed. (10 points)**

  1. We didn’t see a soul all day. → Not ……………………………………………………………….
  2. Gerry has applied for the job of financial director. → Gerry has put ……………………………………………………………….
  3. Our teacher used Sophia as an example of a good student. → Our teacher held ……………………………………………………………….
  4. I’m not much interested in sports. → I don’t really go ……………………………………………………………….
  5. Terry was rude but Anne got her revenge on him. → Anne paid ……………………………………………………………….