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T IMELINE: 1865-
accompanying the Seminar Toolbox “The Gilded & the Gritty: America, 1870-1912”
National Humanities Center
1865 PRESIDENTIAL INAUGURATION.^ Abraham Lincoln and^ VP^ Andrew Johnson^ (Ntl. Union Party [Rep.]).
CIVIL WAR ENDS. Of approximately 3.7 million troops, 365, Union and 258,000 Confederate soldiers are dead (app. one third in battle; estimates vary). Surviving veterans return home. LINCOLN IS ASSASSINATED in Washington, D.C. Vice-President Andrew Johnson becomes President. 13 th^ AMENDMENT bans slavery in the U.S. Four million enslaved African Americans are freed.
1866 First successful transatlantic cable is completed (England to the United States).
First refrigerated railroad car in America, with ice “bunkers” at each end, is constructed in Detroit. Andrew Carnegie and his partners form businesses in the iron industry, including the Pittsburgh Locomotive Works in 1866 and the Union Iron Mills in 1867.
1867 Horatio Alger, Jr., publishes^ Ragged Dick; or Street Life in New York , the first in his rags-to-riches series.
U.S. purchases Alaska from Russia for $72 million. 37 th^ State Nebraska enters the Union.
1868 14 th^ AMENDMENT^ grants citizenship to African Americans
and guarantees “equal protection of the laws” to all U.S. citizens. Attempt to impeach President Johnson fails by one vote.
1869 PRESIDENTIAL INAUGURATION.^ Ulysses S. Grant and
VP Schuyler Colfax (Republican). FIRST TRANSCONTINENTAL RAILROAD. Union Pacific and Central Pacific RR’s link in Utah. First “Black Friday”: stock market panic results from financiers’ attempts to corner the market on gold. Wyoming Territory grants suffrage to women; Utah Territory in 1870. In this period, Albert Bierstadt and others create visions of the American West in dramatic landscapes.
1870 NINTH CENSUS.^ U.S. population totals 39.8 million, including
4.9 million African Americans and 2.3 million immigrants who had arrived in the previous decade. 15 th^ AMENDMENT grants suffrage to African American men. STANDARD OIL COMPANY OF OHIO is formed by John D. Rockefeller from several smaller companies, soon controlling 10% of the oil refining industry in the U.S.
1871 INDIAN APPROPRIATIONS ACT.^ U.S. ends the policy of
recognizing Indian tribes as sovereign nations and negotiating through treaties, announcing it will make Indian policy through law and executive decision. Native Americans legally become wards of the nation.
1872 Credit Mobilier scandal is exposed by the^ New York Sun , which catalogues bribery and corruption in the
construction of the transcontinental railroad. Montgomery Ward & Co., the first mail-order business, opens in Chicago. (Sears opens in 1895.)
Bierstadt, The Oregon Trail , 1869
Homer, The Veteran in a New Field, 1865
Does not such a meeting make amends? , 186 9
1873 PRESIDENTIAL INAUGURATION.^ Ulysses S. Grant and^ VP^ Henry Wilson (Republican).
FINANCIAL PANIC OF 1873 begins a five-year economic depression after the failure of Jay Cooke’s investment bank. Congress makes gold the national standard and eliminates all silver currency. Bethlehem Steel Company in Pittsburgh begins producing steel rails with the Bessemer process. Period of recurring epidemics beginning in 1865 comes to an end. From Boston to New Orleans, epidemics of smallpox, cholera, typhus, typhoid, scarlet fever, and yellow fever had killed thousands. The first electric streetcar begins operation in New York City. Free mail delivery begins in all cities above 20,000 population. Mark Twain and C. D. Warner publish the novel The Gilded Age.
1874 “The Virginian,” Owen Wister’s protagonist in his novel
The Virginian (1902), arrives in Wyoming Territory. Massachusetts limits women’s working hours to ten hours a day. is passed in Massachusetts.
1875 Edward King publishes^ The Great South^ on his travels throughout
the former Confederacy.
1876 CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION^ opens in Philadelphia, celebrating
the 100th^ anniversary of the Declaration of Independence. LITTLE BIG HORN (Montana): Sioux and Cheyenne Indians attack and kill General George Custer and 274 cavalrymen. 38 th^ State Colorado enters the Union. Alexander Graham Bell demonstrates and patents the telephone.
1877 RECONSTRUCTION ENDS^ as part of a compromise to settle the 1876
presidential election. U.S. troops leave the South, ending the occupation of the former Confederacy and the protection afforded the freed slaves. PRESIDENTIAL INAUGURATION. Rutherford Hayes & VP Wm. Wheeler (Rep.) GREAT RAILROAD STRIKE OF 1877. After West Virginia railroad workers strike to protest wage reductions, sympathy strikes and violence spread across the Midwest. Federal troops break the strikes. Rockefeller’s Standard Oil controls almost 90% of the U.S. oil refining industry. Governmental regulation of business to protect the public interest is ruled constitutional by the U.S. Supreme Court ( Munn v. Illinois ). Nez Percé Indians, led by Chief Joseph, surrender after a 1600-mile trek retreating from U.S. troops through the U.S. northwest. They are sent to a reservation in Indian Territory (Oklahoma). Thomas Edison patents the phonograph.
1878 Thomas Edison patents the photograph.
1879 Edison invents the first practical light bulb (incandescent lamp).
Frank Woolworth opens the first five-and-ten-cent store (Pa.) Carlisle School (Pa.) is opened “Americanize” Indian children.
1880 TENTH CENSUS.^ U.S. population totals 50.1 million,
including 6.6 million African Americans. George Pullman builds a model town for employees of his Pullman Palace Car factory outside Chicago. Land disputes between farmers and the railroads in California lead to the Mussel Slough shoot-out, fictionalized by Frank Norris in his 1901 novel The Octopus.
Thomas Edison
Pullman Palace Car Co., main gate
1876 Centennial Exposition, Philadelphia
1893 PRESIDENTIAL INAUGURATION.^ Grover Cleveland and^ VP^ Adlai Stevenson (Democratic).
PANIC OF 1893 spurs a ten-year economic depression, with the unemployment rate exceeding ten percent at times. Business collapses and violent labor unrest occur throughout the decade. WORLD’S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION opens in Chicago, celebrating the 400 th^ anniversary of Columbus’s arrival in the New World (opening delayed a year due to the poor economic conditions). Frederick Jackson Turner delivers the address “The Significance of the Frontier in American History.” Colorado grants women’s suffrage, the first state to do so. U.S. troops occupy Hawaii in response to pressure from U.S. sugar businessmen.
1894 PULLMAN STRIKE.^ Workers’ strike in protest of reduced wages at the Pullman Palace Car Co. near
Chicago is broken by court injunction and federal troops, with 34 deaths. “Coxey’s Army” of unemployed men marches on Washington. The fifth transcontinental railroad is completed.
1895 Booker T. Washington delivers the “Atlanta Compromise” address.
1896 “SEPARATE BUT EQUAL” LAWS UPHELD.^ U.S. Supreme Court
upholds constitutionality of racial segregation ( Plessy v. Ferguson ). “The Biography of a Chinaman,” one in a series of immigrant memoirs, is published in Independent. Abraham Cahan publishes Yekl: A Story of the New York Ghetto. 45 th^ State Utah enters the Union.
1897 PRESIDENTIAL INAUGURATION.^ William McKinley and^ VP^ Garret Hobart (Republican).
Simon Pokagon publishes “The Future of the Red Man” in Forum magazine.
1898 SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR^ (Feb.-Sept.).
The U.S. acquires Puerto Rico and a portion of Cuba (Guantanamo) in the Caribbean, and the Philippines and Guam in the Pacific. Cuba becomes independent. In the controversy over U.S. imperialist policy, many speeches, editorials and essays are written, including pieces by Albert Beveridge, William Jennings Bryan, Ben Tillman, Emilio Aguinaldo, and Mark Twain. The Chicago Inter Ocean publishes a drawing depicting two Civil War veterans one Union, one Confederate standing on a pedestal labeled “Loyalty” and draped in a U.S. flag. The drawing is entitled Memorial Day, 1898: One decoration will do for both this year. Theodore Roosevelt delivers the address “The Strenuous Life.” Mary Church Terrell delivers the address “The Progress of Colored Women.”
1899 PHILIPPINE-AMERICAN WAR^ begins, ending in 1901 when Emilio Aguinaldo surrenders, and
concluded by treaty in 1902. The U.S. holds the Philippines as a territory until 1946.
1900 TWELFTH CENSUS.^ U.S. population totals 76 million, including 8.8 million African Americans
and 3.6 million immigrants who had entered since 1890. 60% of Americans live in rural areas. Zitkala Sa publishes “The School Days of an Indian Girl.” The U.S. acquires Samoa by treaty with Germany and Great Britain.
Booker T. Washington and guests, 1906
Our Victorious Fleet in Cuban Waters
Columbian Exposition
1901 PRESIDENTIAL INAUGURATION.^ William McKinley and^ VP^ Theodore Roosevelt (Rep.). In
September McKinley is assassinated and Roosevelt becomes president. Roosevelt invites Booker T. Washington to the White House for dinner, enraging many southern Americans. U.S. Steel, the nation’s first billion-dollar corporation, is formed by J. P. Morgan by merging several steel companies, including Carnegie Steel Co.
1902 Philippine-American War ends in treaty, with 4,200 U.S. soldiers, 20,
Filipino soldiers, and 200,000 Filipino civilians dead. Ida Tarbell begins publishing “The History of the Standard Oil Company” in McClure’s Magazin e. Lincoln Steffens exposes municipal corruption in muckraking articles in McClure’s (published as The Shame of the Cities in 1904).
1903 The Wright Brothers’ gas-powered plane^ Flyer I^ covers 852 feet
in a 59-second flight on the Outer Banks of North Carolina. Frederic Thompson’s Luna Park opens in Coney Island, New York.
1904 The U.S. acquires the Panama Canal Zone after supporting Panama’s
revolt from Colombia.
1905 PRESIDENTIAL INAUGURATION.^ Theodore Roosevelt and
VP Charles Fairbanks (Republican). The Niagara Movement, led by W. E. B. Du Bois and others, announces its Declaration of Principles.
1906 Upton Sinclair publishes^ The Jungle , exposing the meat-packing industry and immigrant life of Chicago.
The San Francisco earthquake and fire kill up to 3,000 people and destroy two thirds of the city.
1907 46 th^ State Oklahoma enters the Union.
1908 The “Ashcan School” artists open their first group exhibition of urban realist painting in New York City.
1909 PRESIDENTIAL INAUGURATION.^ William Taft and^ VP^ James Sherman (Republican).
1910 THIRTEENTH CENSUS :^ U.S. population totals 93.4 million, including 9.8 million African Americans
and 8.8 million immigrants who entered in the previous decade from Italy, Russia, and central Europe. 14.7% of the population is foreign born. The ten largest cities in the U.S. are New York, Chicago, Philadelphia, St. Louis, Boston, Cleveland, Baltimore, Detroit, Cincinnati, and Los Angeles. (underlined cities in 1890 top-ten list) Frederick W. Taylor publishes The Principles of Scientific Management. Theodore Roosevelt delivers the address “The New Nationalism.”
1911 STANDARD OIL COMPANY DISSOLVED. U.S. Supreme Court
rules that the company’s business practices violated the Sherman Antitrust Act. The Triangle Shirtwaist factory fire in New York City kills 146 women workers. Natl. Assn. Opposed to Women Suffrage is founded during a meeting of state anti-suffrage associations.
1912 Walter Rauschenbusch publishes^ Christianizing the Social Order^ to promote the Social Gospel policy.
47 th^ and 48th^ States Arizona and New Mexico enter the Union.
1913 PRESIDENTIAL INAUGURATION.^ Woodrow Wilson and^ VP^ Thomas Marshall (Democratic).
Christine Frederick publishes The New Housekeeping. Jane Addams publishes “If Men Were Seeking the Franchise” in Ladies’ Home Journal.
Theodore Roosevelt
Bellows, New York, 1910
Luna Park at night
