Docsity
Log inSign up
Docsity
Prepare for your exams
Prepare for your exams

Study with the several resources on Docsity

Earn points to download
Earn points to download

Earn points by helping other students or get them with a premium plan

Guidelines and tips
Guidelines and tips
Sell on Docsity
Sell on Docsity
Log inSign up

Prepare for your exams

Study with the several resources on Docsity

Find documents

Prepare for your exams with the study notes shared by other students like you on Docsity

Search Store documents

The best documents sold by students who completed their studies

Search through all study resources
Docsity AINEW

Summarize your documents, ask them questions, convert them into quizzes and concept maps

Explore questions

Clear up your doubts by reading the answers to questions asked by your fellow students

Earn points to download

Earn points by helping other students or get them with a premium plan

Share documents
download point icon20 Points

For each uploaded document

Answer questions
download point icon5 Points

For each given answer (max 1 per day)

All the ways to get free points
Get points immediately

Choose a premium plan with all the points you need

Study Opportunities

Choose your next study program

Get in touch with the best universities in the world. Search through thousands of universities and official partners

Community

Ask the community

Ask the community for help and clear up your study doubts

University Rankings

Discover the best universities in your country according to Docsity users

Free resources

Our save-the-student-ebooks!

Download our free guides on studying techniques, anxiety management strategies, and thesis advice from Docsity tutors

From our blog

Exams and Study
Go to the blog

Theories of Personality: A Comprehensive Overview, Study notes of Psychology

National University (NU)Psychology

A comprehensive overview of various theories of personality, exploring key concepts, historical figures, and different perspectives. It delves into sigmund freud's psychoanalytic theory, including his stages of psychosexual development, defense mechanisms, and the structure of the mind. It also examines other prominent theories, such as the trait perspective, humanistic perspective, behavioral perspective, social cognitive perspective, and existential perspective. The document offers a valuable resource for understanding the complexities of human personality and its development.

Typology: Study notes

2023/2024

Available from 12/07/2024

kali-31
kali-31 🇵🇭

6 documents

1 / 48

Toggle sidebar

This page cannot be seen from the preview

Don't miss anything!

bg1
THEORIES OF PERSONALITY
PERSONALITY | THEORY
WHAT IS PERSONALITY?
- refers to one’s social skills, charisma, and popularity
- originated from the latin word “ PERSONA ”
- it is a pattern of relatively permanent traits and unique
characteristics that give both consistency and
individuality to a person’s behavior
WHAT IS THEORY?
- theories are tools used by scientist to generate
research and organize observations
- a theory is a set of related assumptions that allows
scientist to use logical deductive reasoning to
formulate testable hypotheses
THEORY AND ITS RELATIVES
➢PHILOSOPHY
- the love of wisdom
- is a broader term than theory, but one of its
branches epistemology relates to the nature
of knowledge, and theories are used by
scientists in the pursuit of knowledge
➢THEORIES
- rely on speculation, but speculation in the
absence of controlled observations
➢HYPOTHESIS
- educated guess, is a narrower term than
theory
➢TAXONOMY
- classification system, can rely on some sort
of classification data
➢PSYCHOLOGY OF SCIENCE
- a discipline of studies the personal
characteristics of theorists
FREE WILL VS DETERMINISM
➢DETERMINISM
- proposes that all behavior has a cause and
is thus predictable
➢FREE WILL
-the idea that we can have some choice in
how we act and assumes that we are free to
choose our behavior
UNIQUENESS VS UNIVERSALITY
➢UNIQUENESS
- people possess such unique personalities
that we cannot compare one person to
another
➢UNIVERSALITY
-we can compare people’s personalities and
categorize them
PHYSIOLOGICAL VS PURPOSIVE MOTIVATION
➢PHYSIOLOGICAL
- people are completely motivated by basic
needs (survival, avoiding pain, seeking
pleasure )
➢PURPOSIVE MOTIVATION
- people are completely motivated to grow and
develop
CONSCIOUS VS UNCONSCIOUS MOTIVATION
➢CONSCIOUS
-people are completely motivated by forces of
which they are aware or can easily be made
aware
➢UNCONSCIOUS
- people are motivated by forces of which they
are unaware and cannot be easily aware
NATURE VS NURTURE
➢NATURE
-biology affects personality
➢NURTURE
- environment affects personality and nature
does not matter
OPTIMISM VS PESSIMISM
➢OPTIMISM
- people are good and rarely or never act for
selfish or evil reasons
➢PESSIMISM
- people act solely for selfish or evil purposes
and they are never good
PSYCHODYNAMIC THEORIES
- personality emphasizes the importance of early
childhood experiences and the unconscious mind
-neo-freudian theorists, including Erikson, Jung,
Adler, and Horney, believed in the importance of the
unconscious but disagreed with other aspects of
Freud’s theories
- this perspective of personality was created by
psychiatrist Sigmund Freud
TRAIT PERSPECTIVE
- the trait perspective of personality is centered on
identifying, describing, and measuring the specific
traits that make up human personality
- researchers believe they can better comprehend the
differences between individuals
NAV | 1
pf3
pf4
pf5
pf8
pf9
pfa
pfd
pfe
pff
pf12
pf13
pf14
pf15
pf16
pf17
pf18
pf19
pf1a
pf1b
pf1c
pf1d
pf1e
pf1f
pf20
pf21
pf22
pf23
pf24
pf25
pf26
pf27
pf28
pf29
pf2a
pf2b
pf2c
pf2d
pf2e
pf2f
pf30

Partial preview of the text

Download Theories of Personality: A Comprehensive Overview and more Study notes Psychology in PDF only on Docsity!

PERSONALITY | THEORY

WHAT IS PERSONALITY?

  • refers to one’s social skills, charisma, and popularity
  • originated from the latin word “ PERSONA ”
  • it is a pattern of relatively permanent traits and unique characteristics that give both consistency and individuality to a person’s behavior WHAT IS THEORY?
  • theories are tools used by scientist to generate research and organize observations
  • a theory is a set of related assumptions that allows scientist to use logical deductive reasoning to formulate testable hypotheses THEORY AND ITS RELATIVES ➢ PHILOSOPHY
    • the love of wisdom
    • is a broader term than theory, but one of its branches epistemology relates to the nature of knowledge, and theories are used by scientists in the pursuit of knowledge ➢ THEORIES
    • rely on speculation, but speculation in the absence of controlled observations ➢ HYPOTHESIS
    • educated guess, is a narrower term than theory ➢ TAXONOMY
    • classification system, can rely on some sort of classification data ➢ PSYCHOLOGY OF SCIENCE
    • a discipline of studies the personal characteristics of theorists FREE WILL VS DETERMINISM ➢ DETERMINISM
    • proposes that all behavior has a cause and is thus predictable ➢ FREE WILL - the idea that we can have some choice in how we act and assumes that we are free to choose our behavior UNIQUENESS VS UNIVERSALITY ➢ UNIQUENESS
    • people possess such unique personalities that we cannot compare one person to another ➢ UNIVERSALITY - we can compare people’s personalities and categorize them

PHYSIOLOGICAL VS PURPOSIVE MOTIVATION

➢ PHYSIOLOGICAL

  • people are completely motivated by basic needs ( survival, avoiding pain, seeking pleasure ) ➢ PURPOSIVE MOTIVATION
  • people are completely motivated to grow and develop CONSCIOUS VS UNCONSCIOUS MOTIVATION ➢ CONSCIOUS - people are completely motivated by forces of which they are aware or can easily be made aware ➢ UNCONSCIOUS
  • people are motivated by forces of which they are unaware and cannot be easily aware NATURE VS NURTURE ➢ NATURE - biology affects personality ➢ NURTURE
  • environment affects personality and nature does not matter OPTIMISM VS PESSIMISM ➢ OPTIMISM
  • people are good and rarely or never act for selfish or evil reasons ➢ PESSIMISM
  • people act solely for selfish or evil purposes and they are never good PSYCHODYNAMIC THEORIES
  • personality emphasizes the importance of early childhood experiences and the unconscious mind
  • neo-freudian theorists , including Erikson, Jung, Adler, and Horney , believed in the importance of the unconscious but disagreed with other aspects of Freud’s theories
  • this perspective of personality was created by psychiatrist Sigmund Freud TRAIT PERSPECTIVE
  • the trait perspective of personality is centered on identifying, describing, and measuring the specific traits that make up human personality
  • researchers believe they can better comprehend the differences between individuals

PERSONALITY | THEORY

HUMANISTIC PERSPECTIVE

  • the humanistic perspective of personality focuses on psychological growth, free will, and personal awareness
  • it takes a more positive outlook on human nature and is centered on how each person can achieve their individual potential BEHAVIORAL PERSPECTIVE
  • suggests that personality is a result of interaction between the individual and the environment
  • behavioral theorists study observable and measurable behaviors, rejecting theories that take internal thoughts, moods, and feelings plat a part as these cannot be measured SOCIAL COGNITIVE / LEARNING PERSPECTIVE
  • the social cognitive perspective of personality emphasizes the importance of observational learning, self-efficacy, situational influences, and cognitive processes EXISTENTIAL PERSPECTIVE
  • it is rooted in philosophy, which has long tried to make sense of people’s being in the world. this is associated with existential philosophy. people’s need for meaning in a meaningless world, and the importance for people to make their own choices according to their authentic desires

SIGMUND FREUD | PSYCHOSOCIAL STAGES

BASIC DRIVES

  • drive
    • impulse, stimulus, trigger
  • constant motivational force to seek pleasure and reduce anxiety
  • two kinds: Eros or sex / life, and Thanatos or **aggression / death
  • Libido: sex drive** “ to destroy the person” SEX
  • NOTE: Freud’s usage of “ sex “ is not limited to genital satisfaction; mouth and anus are libido areas ( erogenous zones )
  • the libido is always there, the means of satisfaction changes - sucking of nipples, thumb, sucking AGGRESSION
  • elevated to be the same importance as sex in Freud’s theory
  • this destructive drive can have many forms
    • teasing, gossip, sarcasm, humiliation, humor, sadism
    • we result reaction formation ( complex repression of hostile impulses to the point of become the opposite tendency ) because evil will just not do THE RELATIONSHIP AMONG Id, EGO, AND SUPEREGO IN THREE HYPOTHETICAL PERSONS CONFLICTS OF PERSONALITY COMPONENTS ANXIETY
  • Freud realized that the complexities inherit in the development of the id, ego and superego, as the individual tries to master living in the world, naturally lead to a life that is burdened with some amount of anxiety THREE KINDS OF ANXIETY NEUROTIC (Id-based)
  • suppressed, irrational, abstract - ex. phobia, excessive fear of authority figures, feelings of abandonment, etc. MORAL (superego-based)
  • dilemma of temptations / righteousness, etc. - ex. moral dilemmas REALISTIC ANXIETY(ego-based)
  • reasonable - ex. fear of heights, worrying for an exam DEFENSE MECHANISMS (1) they are denials or distortions of reality necessary ones, but distortions nonetheless (2) they operate unconsciously DENIAL
  • not admitting that something has occurred - what you do: ○ tell yourself it is not happening ○ tell yourself it is not your fault ○ conscious denial DISPLACEMENT
  • redirecting an acceptable impulse to a more acceptable object or person - what you do: ○ direct the feeling away from its actual target to another, safer target **REPRESSION
  • what you do:** ○ keep painful thoughts and feelings away from consciousness ○ don’t think about it - examples: ○ early abuse ○ lies you have told ○ painful memories - problems: ○ diverts needed energy ○ blocks out stressful situations that could be worked out **PROJECTION
  • what you do:** ○ attribute your undesirable impulses, feelings, or desires to another person - examples: ○ “ i hate her “ really means “ i think she hates me - problems: ○ misperceive the other person’s motivations ○ don’t deal with your feelings ○ overreaction **REACTION - FORMATION
  • what you do:** ○ in defense against the threatening impulse, express the opposite impulse - examples: ○ someone frightens you, so you act super nice

SIGMUND FREUD | PSYCHOSOCIAL STAGES

○ someone frightens you, so you snub (ignore) them

- problems: ○ false persona ○ **RATIONALIZATION

  • what you do:** ○ make up excuses for inadequacies, failures, or loss problems: ○ energy would be better spent in improving ○ the truth catches up with you - examples: ○ if i had better teachers, i would have gotten higher grades **REGRESSION
  • what you do:** ○ revert back to behavior of an earlier stage ○ use childhood coping mechanisms - examples: ○ temper tantrums, swearing, fighting, sulking, crying - problems: ○ does not solve problem ○ people think you are immature ○ you are not learning to cope well INTROJECTION
  • introjections take place when people incorporate the positive qualities of another person into their ego to reduce feelings of inferiority - examples: ○ a person who like biking because someone he admires likes it SUBLIMATION
  • altering and displacing id impulses by diverting instinctual energy into socially acceptable behaviors - examples: ○ a person experiencing extreme anger might take up basketball as a means of venting out **HOW TO TAP THE UNCONSCIOUS
  1. FREE ASSOCIATION**
    • speak freely about anything 2. DREAM ANALYSIS
    • manifest and latent content of dreams 3. EVERYDAY LIFE
    • body language and little mistakes 4. HUMOR
    • what has already been repressed thoughts in a society at approved manner; what a person finds humorous 5. FREUDIAN SLIPS
    • are not chance accidents but reveal a person’s true but unconscious intentions

PSYCHOSEXUAL DEVELOPMENT

“ OAPALAGE ”

  • stages of development in which conflicts over Id’s impulses plays out
  • ego must control these impulses
  • if not resolved, psychological issues can emerge later in life PSYCHOSEXUAL STAGES ORAL STAGE ( 0 - 18 MONTHS )
  • erogenous zone: mouth
  • activity: sucking, biting, and swallowing
  • primary object of libido: mother or caregiver ● fixations: ○ oral passive personality - oral incorporative behavior ○ oral aggressive behavior - sadistic behavior ANAL STAGE ( 2-3 yrs. old )
  • erogenous zone: anus
  • activity: retention of feces and willful defecation
  • developmental milestone: toilet training ● fixations: ○ ANAL EXPULSIVE - defying attempts at regulation and anal expulsion overgenerous - burara ○ ANAL RETENTIVE - holding the feces in the problem with discipline, perfectionist, and orderly PHALLIC STAGE ( 2-6 yrs. old )
  • erogenous zone: genitals
  • activity: exploring and manipulating genitals ● fixations: ○ ELECTRA COMPLEX - the unconscious desire of a girl for her father accompanied by a desire to replace or destroy her mother; she comes to envy her father and transfers her love to him because he possesses the highly valued sex organ- penis envy ○ OEDIPUS COMPLEX - the unconscious desire of a boy for his mother accompanied by a desire to replace or destroy his father; he interprets his fear to his father as becoming fearful that his father will cut off the offending organ ( penis) - castration anxiety LATENCY STAGE ANAL STAGE ( 6 yrs. old to puberty )
  • sex instinct is dormant, sublimated in school activities, sports, and hobbies and in developing friendships with members of the same sex ● conflict: ○ social interaction with others

ALFREUD ADLER | INDIVIDUAL PSYCHOLOGY ( POSITIVE )

ALFREUD ADLER

  • birthplace: Rudolfsheim, a village in Vienna
  • born: february 7, 1870
  • died: may 28,1937 due to heart attack
  • parents: Leopold & Pauline Adler
  • siblings: Sigmund & Rudolf
  • married to Raissa Epstein and had 4 children
  • his theory focused on the uniqueness of each person and not on the biological motives and goals prescribed by Freud
  • the conscious is the core of personality people are actively involved in creating themselves and directing their future
  • in 1902, he became a charter member of freud’s organization , the Vienna Psychoanalytic Society
  • in 1911, he left freud’s organization and organized his society known as the Society of Individual Psychology THE MAIN TENETS OF ADLERIAN THEORY
  • the one dynamic force behind people’s behavior is the striving for success or superiority.
  • people’s subjective perceptions shape their behavior and personality.
  • personality is unified and consistent.
  • the value of all human activity must be seen from the viewpoint of social interest.
  • the self-consistent personality structure develops into a person’s style of life.
  • style of life is molded by people’s creative power STRIVING FOR SUCCESS OR SUPERIORITY
  • the sole dynamic force behind people’s actions is the striving for success or superiority

SUPERIORITY

  • the person strives for self-perfection SUCCESS
  • the person strives for perfection with human kind and actions of people who are motivated by highly developed social interest THE FINAL GOAL
  • people strive towards their final goal either through personal superiority of the goal of success of all humankind
  • fictional and no objective existence
  • product of creative power
  • it reduces the pain of inferiority feelings STRIVING FORCE AS COMPENSATION
  • because people are born with small, inferior and attempt to overcome these feelings through their natural tendency to move toward completion STRIVING FOR PERSONAL SUPERIORITY
  • their goals are personal, and their strivings are motivated largely by exaggerated feelings of personal inferiority STRIVING FOR SUCCESS
  • people can see others not as opponents but as people with whom they can cooperate for social benefit
  • psychologically healthy people strive for the success of all humanity, but they do so without losing their identity ADLER’S SECOND TENET; PEOPLE’S SUBJECTIVE PERCEPTIONS SHAPE THEIR BEHAVIOR AND PERSONALITY FICTIONALISM
  • fictions are people's expectations of the future. adler held that fictions guide behavior because people act as it these fictions are true. adler emphasized teleology over causality or explanations of behavior in terms of future goals rather than past causes
  • positive according to Adler
  • abt future PHYSICAL / ORGAN INFERIORITIES
  • adler believed that all humans are "blessed” with organ inferiorities, which stimulate subjective feelings of inferiority and move people toward perfection or completion
  • this alone does not cause a particular style of life; they simply provide present motivation for reaching future goals

ALFREUD ADLER | INDIVIDUAL PSYCHOLOGY ( POSITIVE )

ADLER’S THIRD TENET : PERSONALITY IS UNIFIED AND

SELF-CONSISTENT

ORGAN DIALECT

  • people often use a physical disorder to express their style of life, a condition Adler called organ dialect **CONSCIOUS AND UNCONSCIOUS
  • CONSCIOUS** - thoughts are those that are understood and regarded by the individual as helpful in striving for success - UNCONSCIOUS - thoughts are those that are not helpful ADLER’S FOURTH TENET : THE VALUE OF ALL HUMAN ACTIVITY MUST BE SEEN FROM THE VIEWPOINT OF SOCIAL INTEREST
  • social interest is Adler’s somewhat misleading term of his original term **Gemeinschaftsgefuhl
  • GEMEINSCHAFTSGEFUHL**
    • strives not for personal superiority but for perfection for all people in an ideal community SOCIAL INTEREST ORIGINS OF SOCIAL INTEREST
  • although social interest exists as a potentially in all people, it must be fostered in a social environment. Adler believed that the parent-child relationship can be strong that it negates the effects of heredity IMPORTANCE OF SOCIAL INTEREST
  • according to Adler, social interest is the “the sole criterion of human values,” and the worthiness of all one’s actions must be seen by this standard. without social interest, societies could not exist; individuals in antiquity could not have survived without cooperating with others to protect themselves from danger. even today, an infant’s helplessness predisposes it toward a nurturing person ADLER’S FIFTH TENET : THE SELF-CONSISTENT PERSONALITY STRUCTURE DEVELOPS INTO A PERSON’S STYLE OF LIFE
  • includes a personal goal, self-concept, feelings of others, and attitude toward the world
  • established on the 4th to the 5th year of person’s life (phallic stage- according to psychosocial stage of freud)
  • ability to choose new ways of reacting to their environment
  • express their social interest through action ADLER’S FINAL TENET : THE STYLE OF LIFE IS MOLDED BY PEOPLE’S CREATIVE POWER CREATIVE POWER
  • choose personality and character
  • the person creates the style of life-creates himself, is personality, and his character

MISTAKE IN STYLE OF LIFE

(1) RULING TYPE

  • deprecation complex and they always seek to dominate others (2) GETTING TYPE
  • becoming user-friendly and dependent (3) AVOIDING TYPE
  • avoid commitment and avoiding the possibility of defeat (4) THE HEALTHY STYLE OF LIFE
  • the person must act in ways beneficial to others
  • mag be-benefit lahat EXTERNAL FACTORS IN MALADJUSTMENT
  • the most important factor in abnormal development is a lack of social interest, in addition, people with a useless life tend to (1) set their goals too high, (2) have a dogmatic style of life, and (3) live in their own private world EXAGGERATED PHYSICAL DEFICIENCIES
  • they tend to be overly concerned with themselves and lack considerations for others; fear defeats more than they desire success PAMPERED STYLE OF LIFE
  • they expect others to look after them, overprotect them, and satisfy their needs NEGLECTED STYLE OF LIFE
  • leads to distrust of other people SAFEGUARDING TENDENCIES
  • these safeguarding tendencies maintain a neurotic style of life and protect a person from public disgrace EXCUSES
  • state what they claim they would like to do; “yes, but” & “ if only” AGGRESSION
  • this may take the form of depreciating others’ accomplishments, accusing others of being responsible for one’s failures, or self-accusation WITHDRAWAL
  • safeguarding through distance ● MOVING BACKWARD
  • reverting to a more secure period of life ● STAND STILL
  • they avoid responsibilities ● HESITATING

ALFREUD ADLER | INDIVIDUAL PSYCHOLOGY ( POSITIVE )

CONCEPT OF HUMANITY

  • adler saw people as forward-moving, social animals who are motivated by goals they set (both consciously and unconsciously) for the future. people are ultimately responsible for their unique style of life. thus, adler's theory rates high on free choice, social influences, and uniqueness; very high on optimism and teleology; and average on unconscious influences.

CARL GUSTAV JUNG | ANALYTICAL PSYCHOLOGY

CARL GUSTAV JUNG

  • born in 1875, Switzerland
  • son a pastor and scholar of a reformed church
  • his curiosity about religion impacted his theory
  • was experienced frequent illness in his childhood w/c he liked
  • was almost alone in his childhood **- studied medicine in Univ of Bessel
  • Freud and Jung became colleagues in 1907-** NATURE AND STRUCTURE OF PERSONALITY
  • its is a complex network of system towards harmony THE EGO
  • Jung considered it as the conscious mind
  • responsible for feelings of identity and continuity
  • It is not the center of personality though, it lies elsewhere THE PERSONAL UNCONSCIOUS
  • holds the perceptions, thoughts, and memories that have been put aside but can be easily recovered
  • may also include individuals’ life history that has been repressed or forgotten
  • the foregoing are accessible even if it’s painful or not good ○ complexes - clustered personal unconscious. it is an organized group of thoughts, feelings, and memories about a particular concept.

COLLECTIVE UNCONSCIOUS

  • it is shared
  • referred as transpersonal (extending to other persons)
  • this contributes to depth psychology
  • here lies the archetypes(primordial images)
    • universal thought form or predisposition to respond to the world
    • never fully know since they never enter the consciousness, they are symbols **THE ARCHETYPES
  1. WISE OLD MAN** - wisdom and meaning
    • symbolizes humans’ preexisting knowledge of the mysteries of life
    • unconscious and cannot be directly experienced by a single individual - [ matatandang maraming sabi-sabi, / life advice] 2. GREAT MOTHER
    • pre existing c oncept of mother is always associated with both positive and negative feelings
    • represents two opposing forces - fertility and nourishment on the one hand and power and destruction on the other - [ maasikasong kaibigan ]

CARL GUSTAV JUNG | ANALYTICAL PSYCHOLOGY

FUNCTIONS

Sensation more comfortable using five senses and dealing with facts and reality refers how we gather data and information Intuition looks for relationships and meanings or possibilities about past or future events Thinking prefers to use logic and impersonal analysis refers to how come to inclusion and make judgements Feeling more concerned with personal values and attitudes and beliefs FUNCTIONS EXTROVERTED INTROVERTED Sensation outgoing and enjoys life. focuses on pleasure and happiness and on seeking new experiences ( proofreaders, wine tasters, musicians, and painters ) looks most on human activities with benevolence and amusements ( artists and classical musicians) Intuition looks for relationships and meanings or possibilities about past or future events visionary and daydreamer, poorly understood by others ( prophets and religious fanatics ) Thinking allows a person to organize and categorize things, thoughts, or arguments. make decisions based on logic ( mathematicians, research scientist, and accountants concerned with privacy prefers to understand himself does not get along well with others ( philosophers and scientists ) Feeling makes friends easily and sociable. very emotional ( real estate appraisers and movie critics ) has little consideration for others feelings, thoughts, and appearance ( art appraisers and subjective movie critics )

OTHER CONCEPTS

SELF REALIZATION

  • the process of the self, it starts at birth but does not fully occur until midlife when major changes occur
  • jung insisted that human behavior is shaped by both causal and teleological forces and that causal explanations must be balanced by teleological ones. adaptation to the outside world involves the forward flow of psychic energy called progression
  • while adaptation to the inner world relies on the backward flow of psychic energy is called regression
  • progression inclines a person to react consistently to a given set of environmental conditions, whereas regression is a necessary backward step in the successful attainment of a goal. balance of both regression and progression leads to healthy personality development. DEVELOPMENT OF PERSONALITY
  • Jung emphasized the second half of life
  • the person can bring together various aspects of life to gain self-realization **CHILDHOOD
  • ANARCHIC PHASE**
    • chaotic, disconnected islands of consciousness, primitive images of consciousness - MONARCHIC PHASE
    • development of the ego, logical & verbal thinking, seeing themselves objectively in the third person, island are larger, more numerous, but still disconnected - DUALISTIC PHASE
    • ego is both objective and subjective, refers to themselves in the first person, aware of the existence of other people as separate, islands are now continuous land, complex self with ego that recognizes both the object and subject YOUTH
  • morning sun
  • climbing toward zenith toward impending decline
  • young people strive to gain psychic and physical independence from their parents, find a mate, raise a family, and make a place in the world
  • middle aged people that attempt to hold on to youthful values face a crippled second half of life, unable to self- realize and establish new goals and seek out new meaning in life

CARL GUSTAV JUNG | ANALYTICAL PSYCHOLOGY

MIDDLE LIFE

  • brilliant late morning sun but heading toward sunset - begins at 35 or 40 and is filled with much anxiety and periods of tremendous potential
  • discover new meaning in life and often have a new religious orientation and deal with life/death OLD AGE
  • evening sun
  • once bright consciousness that is now markedly dim
  • fear of death, meaning of death PSYCHOTHERAPY
  • word association test (responses reveal complexes) **- dream analysis
  • proof of the collective unconscious**
  • active imagination (requires the person to begin with an impression like a dream, image, vision, picture, or fantasy, and to concentrate on it until the impression begins to move). follow the image and try to communicate with it no matter where it goes CRITIQUE AND CONCEPT OF HUMANITY
  • philosophical rather than psychological.
  • very low on its ability to withstand falsification.
  • moderate rating on the issues of free will vs. determinism, optimism vs pessimism, and causality and teleology.
  • very high on unconscious influences.
  • low on uniqueness
  • low on social influences.
  • both conscious and unconscious personal experiences.

MELANIE KLEIN | OBJECT RELATIONS THEORY

PARANOID - SCHIZOID POSITION

  • during the earliest months of life, an infant comes into contact with both the good breast and the bad breast. these alternating experiences of gratification and frustration threaten the very existence of the infant’s vulnerable ego.
  • the infant desires to keep the ideal breast inside itself as a protection against annihilation by persecutors. to control the good breast and to fight off its persecutors, the infant adopts what klein, called the paranoid-schizoid position, a way of organizing experiences that includes both paranoid feelings of being persecuted and a splitting of internal and external objects into the good and the bad. DEPRESSIVE POSITION
  • beginning at about the 5th or 6th month the infant begins to view external objects as a whole and to see that good and bad can exist in the same person at that time, the infant develops a more realistic picture of the mother and recognizes that she is an independent person who can be both good and bad the infant also realizes that the mother might go away and be lost forever. the infant desires to protect her and keep her from the dangers of its destructive forces
  • but the infant’s ego is mature enough to realize that it cannot protect the mother, and thus the infant experiences guilt for its previous destructive urges toward the mother.
  • the feelings of anxiety over losing a loved object coupled with a sense of guilt for wanting to destroy that object constitute what klein called the depressive position. PSYCHIC DEFENSE MECHANISMS ACCORDING TO KLEIN
  • from very early infancy, children adopt several psychic defense mechanisms to protect their ego against the anxiety aroused by their destructive fantasies
  • these intense destructive feelings originate with oral sadistic anxieties concerning the breast—the dreaded, destructive breast on the one hand and the satisfying, helpful breast on the other
  • to control these anxieties, infants use several psychic defense mechanisms, such as introjection, projection, splitting, and projective identification. INTROJECTION
  • klein simply meant that infants fantasize about taking into their body those perceptions and experiences that they have had with the external object, originally the mother’s breast - Introjection begins with an infant’s first feeding, when there is an attempt to incorporate the mother’s breast into the infant’s body - ordinarily, the infant tries to introject good objects, to take them inside itself as a protection against anxiety - introjected objects are not accurate representations of real objects but are colored by children’s fantasies. PROJECTION - just as infants use introjection to take in both good and bad objects, they use projection to get rid of them. projection is the fantasy that one’s own feelings and impulses actually reside in another person and not within one’s body - children project both bad and good images onto external objects, especially their parents. SPLITTING - infants can only manage the good and bad aspects of themselves and of external objects by splitting them, that is, by keeping apart incompatible impulses. - in order to separate bad and good objects, the ego must itself be split. thus, infants develop a picture of both the “good me” and the “bad me” that enables them to deal with both pleasurable and destructive impulses toward external objects - splitting can have either a positive or a negative effect on the child. PROJECTIVE IDENTIFICATION - a psychic defense mechanism in which infants split off unacceptable parts of themselves, project them into another object, and finally introject them back into themselves in a changed or distorted form. - projective identification exerts a powerful influence on adult interpersonal relations. INTERNALIZATION - in kleinian theory, three important internalizations are the ego, the superego, and the oedipus complex. - when object relations theorists speak of internalizations, they mean that the person takes in (interjects) aspects of the external world and then organizes those introjections into a psychologically meaningful framework. EGO - klein believed that the ego, or one’s sense of self, reaches maturity at a much earlier stage than Freud had assumed. - the ego begins to evolve with the infant’s first experience with feeding when the good breast fills the infant not only with milk but with love and security. (first 3-4 months)

MELANIE KLEIN | OBJECT RELATIONS THEORY

  • but the infant also experiences the bad breast—the one that is not present or does not give milk, love, or security. the infant introjects both the good breast and the bad breast, and these images provide a focal point for further expansion of the ego. SUPEREGO
  • Klein's picture of the superego differs from Freud's in at least three important respects.
  • first, it emerges much earlier in life;
  • second , it is not an outgrowth of the oedipus complex; and
  • third , it is much more harsh and cruel. klein, arrived at these differences through her analysis of young children, an experience Freud did not have.
  • recall that freud conceptualized the superego as consisting of two subsystems: an ego-ideal that produces inferiority feelings and a conscience that results in guilt feelings.
  • klein would concur that the more mature superego produces feelings of inferiority and guilt, but her analysis of young children led her to believe that the early superego produces not guilt but terror. OEDIPUS COMPLEX
  • Although Klein believed that her view of the Oedipus complex was merely an extension and not a refutation of Freud’s ideas, her conception departed from the Freudian one in several ways: - First, Klein,held that the Oedipus complex begins at a much earlier age than Freud had suggested. - Second , Klein believed that a significant part of the Oedipus complex is children’s fear of retaliation from their parents for their fantasy of emptying the parent’s body. - Third , she stressed the importance of children retaining positive feelings toward both parents during the Oedipal years. - Fourth , she hypothesized that during its early stages, the Oedipus complex serves the same need for both genders, that is, to establish a positive attitude toward the good or gratifying object (breast or penis) and to avoid the bad or terrifying object (breast or penis). FEMALE OEDIPAL DEVELOPMENT
  • at the beginning of the female oedipal development—during the first months of life—a little girl sees her mother’s breast as both “good and bad.”
  • then around 6 months of age, she begins to view the breast as more positive than negative. later, she sees her whole mother as full of good things, and this attitude leads her to imagine how babies are made.
  • if the female oedipal stage proceeds smoothly, the little girl adopts a “feminine” position and has a positive relationship with both parents. MALE OEDIPAL DEVELOPMENT
  • like the young girl, the little boy sees his mother’s breast as both good and bad
  • then, during the early months of oedipal development, a boy shifts some of his oral desires from his mother’s breast to his father’s penis.
  • he adopts a passive homosexual attitude toward his father. next, he moves to a heterosexual relationship with his mother, but because of his previous homosexual feelings for his father, he has no fear that his father will castrate him. CRITIQUE AND CONCEPT OF HUMANITY
  • object relation theory rates high on determinism and low on free choice
  • object relations theory is low on its ability to generate research, but we judge attachment theory as moderate to high on this criterion for a useful theory.
  • the theory can be either pessimistic or optimistic depending on the quality of the early mother-infant relationship
  • the most useful feature of object relations theory is its ability to organize information about the behavior of infants. more than most other personality theorists object relations theorists have speculated on how humans gradually come to acquire a sense of identity
  • however, beyond the early childhood years, object relations theory lacks usefulness as an organizer of knowledge.
  • theories discussed in this chapter has a high level of internal consistency, but the different theorists disagree among themselves on a number of points. even though they all place primary importance on human relationships, the differences among them far exceed the similarities.
  • object relations theory low on the criterion of parsimony. Klein, especially, used needlessly complex phrases and concepts to express her theory.

KAREN HORNEY | PSYCHOANALYTIC SOCIAL THEORY

THE NEUROTIC NEED FOR AFFECTION AND APPROVAL

  • neurotics attempt indiscriminately to please others
  • live up to the expectations of others
  • tend to dread self - assertion THE NEUROTIC NEED FOR A POWERFUL PARTNER
  • lacking self-confidence, neurotics try to attach themselves to a powerful partner.
  • Horney's own life story reveals a strong need to relate to a great man, and she had a series of such relationships during her adult life. THE NEUROTIC NEED TO RESTRICT ONE’S LIFE WITHIN NARROW BORDERS
  • neurotics frequently strive to remain inconspicuous, to take second place, and to be content with very little. they downgrade their abilities and dread making demands on others THE NEUROTIC NEED FOR POWER
  • they usually praise strength, despise weakness, and will exploit or dominate other people THE NEUROTIC NEED TO EXPLOIT OTHERS
  • neurotics frequently evaluate others based on how they can be used or exploited, but at the same time, they fear being exploited by others THE NEUROTIC NEED FOR SOCIAL RECOGNITION OR PRESTIGE
  • some people combat basic anxiety by trying to be first, to be important, or to attract attention to themselves. these individuals often fear public embarrassment and loss of social status THE NEUROTIC NEED FOR PERSONAL ADMIRATION
  • neurotics have a need to be admired for what they are rather than for what they possess. their inflated self-esteem must be continually fed by the admiration and approval of others. THE NEUROTIC NEED FOR SELF - SUFFICIENCY AND INDEPENDENCE
  • many neurotics have a strong need to move away from people, thereby proving that they can get along without others. the playboy who cannot be tied down by any woman exemplifies this neurotic need. THE NEUROTIC NEED FOR PERFECTION AND UNASSAILABILITY
  • by striving relentlessly for perfection, neurotics receive “proof” of their self-esteem and personal superiority. they dread making mistakes and having personal flaws, and they desperately attempt to hide their weaknesses from others.

NEUROTIC TRENDS

MOVING TOWARD PEOPLE

  • horney’s concept of moving toward people does not mean moving toward them in the spirit of genuine love. rather, it refers to a neurotic need to protect oneself against feelings of helplessness MOVING AGAINST PEOPLE
  • neurotically aggressive people are just as compulsive as compliant people are, and their behavior is just as much prompted by basic anxiety MOVING AWAY FROM PEOPLE
  • in order to solve the basic conflict of isolation, some people behave in a detached manner and adopt a neurotic trend of moving away from people INTRAPSYCHIC CONFLICTS
  • the neurotic trends flow from basic anxiety, which in turn, stems from a child’s relationships with other people. horney did not neglect the impact of intrapsychic factors in the development of personality. as her theory evolved, she began to place greater emphasis on the inner conflicts that both normal and neurotic individuals experience. TWO TYPES OF INTRAPSYCHIC CONFLICTS THE IDEALIZED SELF - IMAGE
  • feeling alienated from themselves, people need desperately to acquire a stable sense of identity. this dilemma can be solved only by creating an idealized self-image, an extravagantly positive view of themselves that exists only in their personal belief system.
  • as the idealized self-image becomes solidified, neurotics begin to believe in the reality of that image. horney (1950) recognized three aspects of the idealized image: (1) the neurotic search for glory (2) neurotic claims (3) neurotic pride NEUROTIC SEARCH FOR GLORY ● need for perfection ( tyranny of the should) ● neurotic ambition ● drive toward a vindictive triumph NEUROTIC CLAIMS
  • neurotics build a fantasy world - a world that is out of sync with the real world. believing that something is wrong with the outside world, they proclaim that they are special and therefore entitled to be treated in accordance with their idealized view of themselves NEUROTIC PRIDE

KAREN HORNEY | PSYCHOANALYTIC SOCIAL THEORY

  • false pride is based not on a realistic view of the true self but on a spurious image of the idealized self SELF - HATRED
  • people with a neurotic search for glory can never be happy with themselves because when they realize that their real self does not match the insatiable demands of their idealized self, they will begin to hate and despise themselves **SIX MAJOR WAYS IN WHICH PEOPLE EXPRESS SELF - HATRED
  1. RELENTLESS DEMANDS ON THE SELF**
    • which are exemplified by the tyranny or the ‘should’ 2. MERCILESS SELF - ACCUSATION
    • neurotics constantly **berate themselves
  2. SELF - CONTEMPT**
    • which might be expressed as belittling, disparaging, doubting, discrediting, and **ridiculing oneself
  3. SELF - FRUSTRATION**
    • Horney (1950) distinguished between healthy self - discipline and neuroting self - frustration. the former involves postponing or forgoing pleasurable activities to achieve reasonable goals 5. SELF - TORMENT, OR SELF - TORTURE
    • although self - torment can exist in each of the other forms of self - hatred, it becomes a separate category when people’s main intention is to inflict harm or suffering on themselves 6. SELF - DESTRUCTIVE ACTIONS AND IMPULSES
    • Which may be physical or psychological, conscious or unconscious, acute or chronic, carried out in action or enacted in the imagination

PSYCHOTHERAPY

  • Horney believed that neuroses grow out of basic conflict that usually begins in childhood. the general goal of horneyian therapy is to help patients gradually grow in the direction of self- realization.
  • more specifically, the aim is to have patients give up their idealized self-image, relinquish their neurotic search for glory, and change self-hatred to an acceptance of the real self. DREAMS AND FREE ASSOCIATION DREAMS
  • Horney believed that dream analysis could reveal a person’s true self, and that dreams represented attempts to solve problems, in either a constructive or a neurotic way. FREE ASSOCIATION
  • patients are asked to say everything that comes to mind regardless of how trivial or embarrassing it may seem (Horney, 1987)
  • through free association, the analyst gradually uncovered the patient’s early experiences and emotions, similar to peeling the layers of an onion. CRITIQUE AND CONCEPT OF HUMANITY
  • very low in generating research
  • low on its ability to be falsified, to organize data, and to serve as a useful guide to action. average on internal consistency and parsimony.
  • horney’s psychoanalytic social theory is rated slightly higher on free choice than on determinism.
  • she is more optimistic as she believes that people possess inherent curative powers that lead them towards self-realization.
  • average on causality and teleology and on the uniqueness of an individual.
  • she also had a middle stance regarding conscious and unconscious although she believed that most people have only limited awareness of their motives
  • the concept of the personality of horney strongly emphasized social influences more than biological ones.
  • because her theory looks almost exclusively at neuroses, it tends to highlight similarities among people more than uniqueness