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Contemporary Urban Affairs
2019, Volume 3, Number 2 , pages 144 – 155
The phenomenon of mobility, a development
challenge for the city of Algiers
* Ph.D. candidate OUAFA LOUAFI^1
(^1) University of Salah BOUBNIDER, Constantine, Algeria E mail: ouafa.louafi@univ-constantine3.dz
A B S T R A C T
Urban displacements are a major challenge for the economic and social
development of the city and are a sign of quality of life. They are defined by less
congestion, less pollution, congestion and urban sprawl. In Algeria, the new urban
policies are seen as the beginning of a positive transformation of the city's situation,
which degradation seems to have origin in a lack of coordination between planning,
the deregulation of the transport sector and the urban planning of cities. Therefore,
it is necessary to develop a transportation policy based on a logic of sustainable
development of the urban area where the optimization of mobility is required. In
Algiers, transport and urban planning have been the subject of many debates that
have shown that the city suffers from several problems, in terms of transport,
mobility, traffic and parking. This makes it a perfect example of a city affected by
urban sprawl generating a series of other problems that come together to cause an
imbalance in the layout of spaces. In attempting to address these problems in order,
the first would be the increase in the various displacements due to the
metropolisation and centralization of human activities. These displacements are not
only in continuous increase but are experiencing a real imbalance where the
quantity dominates on the quality, which leads to a remarkable saturation of the
transport networks, and thus to a dense traffic notably during the peak hours. The
purpose of this article is to demonstrate the importance of developing the most
adequate operating policies for the various modes of transport that are the most
appropriate in the capital city of Algiers, and to implement an investment program
in the management of mobility in order to transform the city.
CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2019), 3 (1), 144 - 155.
https://doi.org/10.25034/ijcua.2018. www.ijcua.com Copyright © 2018 Contemporary Urban Affairs. All rights reserved.
1. Introduction There can be no territories without connection, nor a city without system of transportation (KAUFMANN, YVES FRRARI, DOMINIQUE JOYE, & FRITZ , 2003). Transport is a necessary condition for performing daily activities, however to satisfy these needs, a number of transportations is accomplished every day by individuals who leave their homes to go to different destinations, moving is a concept that improves over time through the multiplication of transportation motives leading to various forms of transport (Korkaz, 2013). This generated the need of concentration and convergence that gave birth to cities, where the reflection on the city became very tied to the reflection on * Corresponding Authors: University of Salah BOUBNIDER, Constantine, Algeria. E-mail Address: ouafa.louafi@univ-constantine3.dz
A R T I C L E I N F O:
Article history: Received 16 April 201 8 Accepted 23 May 201 8 Available online 25 May 201 8 Keywords: Transportation; Urban mobility; Urban planning; Management. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution
- NonCommercial - NoDerivs 4.0. "CC-BY-NC-ND"
transport “... the transport networks in a city, are just like the skeleton and the circulatory system at the same time. In short, they constitute the main conditions for a city functioning” (Merlin). In Algeria, with the acceleration of urbanization «As of January 1, 2016, the total resident population in Algeria reached 40.4 million inhabitants»^1 , transport has become a key sector for the economic and social development of the country. These recent years, traditional transport policies have an interest towards the demand for the private car, and have focused on assessing the role of urban transport and its contribution to urban integration and improvement of the quality of life in cities. Automobile-oriented development of city of Algiers with 1,254,553 cars 26.07% 2 of the national car fleet brought with it several problems in terms of transport, mobility, circulation and parking, as well as other problems related to pollution and urban sprawl. This is why the Algerian authorities take this term into consideration in the strategies for the implementation of the National Spatial Use Planning Scheme (NSPS) 2025. The studies for drawing up the four Master Plans for Urban Development Metropolitan Areas (MPDMA) Algiers, Oran, Annaba and Constantine, below the following objectives: setting off a major transport infrastructures, large structural facilities, and general orientations for protecting and enhancing the environment^3. The objective of this research is to demonstrate the importance of developing the operating policies of the various modes of transport most adequate in the Capital of Algiers, through the analysis of the different processes of transport planning and mobility management.
2. Methodology of research This analytical research has allowed us to identify the major questions related to the problem of urban transport and its relation with the modernization and metropolisation of Algiers so that we can identify and understand the procedures and methods to follow, taking into account coordination between transportation and planning. Then, to better develop our research, we opted for a reading of the legislative framework for urban transport (^1) (n.d.). Retrieved April 2018, from National Statistical Office: http://www.ons.dz/ (^2) (n.d.). Retrieved 2018, from National Statistical Office: http://www.ons.dz/repartition-du-parc- automobile,211.html (^3) (n.d.). The implementation of the National Spatial Planning Scheme NSPS 2025. and urbanism documents dealing with the issue of mobility to arrive later in the presentation of the city of Algiers, type and mode of transport in the capital (case of study) and follow the strategies for modernization. Finally, we have the results of our analytical research that have demonstrated the absence of coordination between transport and urban planning and the inconsistency found in certain legislative and regulatory texts. 3. Theoretical background 3.1. Urban policy and transport: According to (Merlin), the transport policy is " the set of guidelines determined by public authorities ". The transport policy is the result of a process of regulation and control of transport reserves, to facilitate the efficient operation of economic, social and political aspects of a country (mobility of people and goods) to the lowest social cost and with total security. The transport policy in Algeria has experienced several levels since independence, which the table below summarizes: see table ‘1’, in Appendix ‘A’. 3.2. The institutional organization of transport 3.3. Planning in the transport sector Law N 01 - 20 of 12/12/2001, relating to the planning and sustainable development of the territory defined the items and origins of the national planning policy and sustainable development via orientations, instruments of national policy and implementation of the national development plan of the territory, these instruments and tools form the interface of this policy, the following table summarizes the planning instruments in Algeria. See table ‘2&3’, in Appendix ‘A’. 3.4. Existing laws and regulations in Algeria The laws and regulations in Algeria are reviewed at the General Secretariat of the Government, before they were proposed for discussion and adoption, and according to this the participation of the Ministry of Relations with Parliament should be noted, whose one of its missions is precisely to study and make a contribution to the projects initiated texts by other sectors. See table ‘4’, Appendix ‘A’. 3.5 The report transport / town planning and town planning / Transport The relation between transport and town planning is a transitive relation. This gives some explanation by the impact of the decentring of equipments on the transport. More the poles of
Figure 3. Road transport network in Algiers. Source: Road Operations and Maintenance Branch Rail transport The capital Algiers is connected to the national rail transport network by lines that run along the city to other Wilaya through a network comprising (tracks, stations, tunnels and bridges). Air transport Algiers has air transport services which includes a national and international airport whose characteristics are classified in table 5, Appendix ‘A’: Maritime transport The port of Algiers gives it the advantage of a gateway to Africa and makes the city a crossing point for human flows and goods traded on the world market, we quote:
- 03 headlights
- 01 commercial port
- 03 fishing ports 4.3. Future of transport infrastructure in Algiers The modernization of the capital Algiers requires the creation of infrastructure networks and hubs to better structure the city, and although the city has an important infrastructure, it remains insufficient comparing to the rampant urbanization that know the capital. To this end, several projects planned for the year 2025 according to the strategic plan of Algiers, that refers to the lengthening of traffic congestion during rush hours, the facilitation of parking in the heart of the city. Among these projects; six road infrastructure projects, five local road projects, three interchanges, three new bus stations, eight multi-storey car parks and three car parks, two gondolas and the completion of the metro and tram. (OUAZEN, 2012) 4.4. Urban planning instruments and transport in the city of Algiers Table ‘6’, in Appendix ‘A’, illustrate the urban planning instruments and transportation in the city of Algiers. 5. Results Through the analysis of the various instruments of the planning and the situation of the transport sector in the city of Algiers, some deficiencies and shortcomings were observed , especially the inconsistency and the non- coordination between these two sectors (Planning and transport), for these reasons we have established some sources of malfunction: The chronological non-respect of different instruments of urban planning elaboration, and the absence of the complementary relation between the different urban planning instruments, that is shown through the absence of coordination and control between these different instruments. Marginalization of the transport sector in the planning instruments on which programming instruments are based for, this is marked by; the absence of a long-term vision that includes the issue of transport with all these dimensions, the incompetence of actors and companies to manage the transport and planning policy and finally the non-respect of the orientations proposed by urban policy. Consistent legislative and regulatory framework Despite the rich content of the existing legislative framework, the absence of a strategy of coordination of the transport and planning imposes dysfunctions of the city. The texts relating to planning and urban planning indicate that the mission of urban plans is essentially limited to urban planning aspects while the dimension of urban transport is completely failed. In addition, Law 90.29 on planning and urban planning did not emphasize the procedure for implementing coordination of planning and transport. The 2001 law on the orientation and organization of terrestrial transport imposes in its articles 40- 41 - 42 - 43 the obligation to integrate transport planes into documents. 6. Discussion Planning a type of transport requires a very deep analysis of many factors including space, time, money, quality of service and the nuisance it generates (noise, pollution, congestion ...). Through this analysis, we’ve reached to a synthesis that would allow us to
operationalize the coordination urban planning and urban transport for a harmonious development of the city of Algiers. Think about checking, controlling and restoring the legislative framework that affects the planning and transport sector to ensure better coordination between the two sectors, control of urban sprawl and modal shift towards public transport. Articulate between the fields and scales of planning (spatial planning, urban plan and transport plan) Deepen the communication between the public authorities, and to create an interface of local debate within the agglomerations (governance). Reform and improve legislation and regulations, while facilitating its reading and its application, and involve its importance in the field of urban planning and construction, particularly in the training curriculum of the architect, engineer, and the administrator. Make a comprehensive review of legislation and regulations related to urban planning and transportation to distinguish existing inconsistencies. Integration of the concept of mobility in MPUP/POG urban planning documents The programming of the various projects at central and local level, with a view to ensuring better harmonization and coordination between the different actors.
7. Conclusion If the situation of transport and mobility networks in the city of Algiers nowdays may reveal to us something, it would be the standpoint towards the implementation of a better management of transport, which reveals the question of the coordination between transport and urban planning instruments, which we have emphasized in our article. And this, in order to guarantee a more favorable quality of life. "The art of developing cities today depends on the ability to control flows and circulations, to organize the mobility of people and goods" (Wachter, 2003). Therefore to better understand and regulate these problems raised by transport, the institutions, administrations and local authorities who are responsible for managing cities, should consider establishing an urban transport plan that will constitute an integral part of the urban master plan and which will be covered by the challenge of providing a perfect coherence with urban development plans. Despite the setting up of the legislative and regulatory framework, and the efforts of direction that have been made for the benefit of transport in the city, the imbalance of the urban framework and the inefficiency of the transport, would be nothing comparing to what the fact of dysfunction between urban planning and urban transport can generate, which is in fact due to the weak managerial capacity and the insufficiency of the actors concerned by this fact and who are in charge of the establishment of the various instruments as well as by the phase shift that occurred during the development of these. Abbreviations MCET Ministry of Civil Engineering and Transport MHU Ministry of Housing and Urbanism DWT Direction of province (Wilaya) Transport DCE Directions of Civil Engineering U.T.O.A Urban transport organizing authority NSPS National Spatial Planning Scheme RSPS Regional Spatial Planning Scheme MPDMA Master Plan for the Development of Metropolitan Areas ASMP Airport Sector Master Plan TODP Town Office Development Plan MP Master Plan MPUP Master Plan of Urban Planning POG Plan of Occupation of ground MDP Municipality Development Plan UTP Urban Travel Plan GCPH General Census of Population and Housing NH National Highway. OTR office town Roads LR Local roads PT Public Transport. PTC Passenger Transport Center PTW West Passenger Transportation PTSO South West passenger transportation PTSE Passenger Transport South East OJ Official Journal TSO Technical Study Office ASROUT Establishment of Maintenance of Road and Sanitation of the office town of Algiers DUTRT Direction of urban transport and road traffic (DTUCR) UTSO Urban Transport Studies Office (BETUR) TMUTC Traffic Management and Urban Transport Company (EGCTU) NPSF National Pension and Social Security Fund (CNRPS) NTCE National technical control establishment (ENACTA) NCSARUP National Center for Studies and Applied Research in Urban Planning (CNERU) DUPCH Direction of Urban Planning, Construction and Housing (DUCH) AUSPTE Algiers Urban and Suburban Public Transport Establishment (ETUSA) EMA Algiers Metro Company
[Urban mobility in the agglomeration of Algiers: evolution and perspectives.], Alger. Récupéré sur https://planbleu.org/sites/default/files/publi cations/mobilite_urbaine_alger_fr.pdf MEGHITIF, S. (2008, Septembre). Conditions d'articulation urbanisme-transport, cas de l'agglomérationd'Alger. E.g: [conditions of articulation between urban planning and transport, Case of the agglomeration of Algiers.], Université de Montréal., Récupéré sur https://papyrus.bib.umontreal.ca/xmlui/bits tream/handle/1866/2699/Meguittif_Salim_ 008_M%C3%A9moire.pdf?sequence=3&isAll owed=y MERLIN , P. (1993). Géographie des Transports. E.g: [Geography of Transport.], Annales de géographie. Récupéré sur https://www.persee.fr/doc/geo_0003- 4010_1993_num_102_571_21152_t1_0307_ 00_ MERLIN, P. (1985). La planification des transports urbains. E.g: [Urban transport planning.],Paris: Revue géographique des Pyrénées et du Sud-Ouest. Sud-Ouest Européen. Récupéré sur https://www.persee.fr/doc/rgpso_0035- 3221_1985_num_56_1_3004_t1_0135_0000_ NEGGAZ, K. (2001). Interaction transport urbain- occupation du sol, cas de l'agglomération d'Alger. E.g: [Interaction urbain transport and land occupation, Case of ’agglomeration of Algiers.], Alger, Algérie: Ecole polythechnique d'architecture et d'urbanisme. Récupéré sur http://www.epau- alger.edu.dz/index.php/post- graduation/formation/troisieme-cycle- doctorat/14-bibliotheque Office National des Statistiques en Algérie. (s.d.). Consulté le 2018, sur http://www.ons.dz/REPARTITION-DU-PARC- AUTOMOBILE,211.html Office National des Statistiques en Algérie. (s.d.). Récupéré sur Office National des Statistiques en Algérie: http://www.ons.dz/ Official website of the Ministry of Transport and civil engineering. (s.d.). Récupéré sur Official website of the Ministry of Transport and civil engineering: http://www.mtp.gov.dz/fr/ Problématiques du transport urbain et de la mobilité urbaine durable en Algérie, les défis et les solutions. E.g: [Urban Transport Issues and Sustainable Urban Mobility in Algeria, Challenges and Solutions.], (14 & 15 Octobre 2014). Batna. Récupéré sur http://lab.univ- batna.dz/LMTL25/index.php/colloque- international-problematiques-du-transport- urbain-et-de-la-mobilite-urbaine-durable- en-algerie-les-defis-et-les-solutions. VARLET, J., & ZEMBRI, P. (2010). Les transports dans le monde d'aujourd'hui. E.g: [Transport in the world today.], Atlas des transports. http://www.col-bouxwiller.ac- strasbourg.fr/peda/histgeo/avril2012/transp orts2.pdf Appendix A: Tables Table 1. Periods of transport policy in Algeria The 1962-1967 period the Monopoly of the National Transport Office Legislative texts and regulations Objective
- Order 67-130 of July 22, 1967
- Article 16
- Article 22
- Organization of terrestrial transport within the self- management of transport
- Creation of municipal organism of urban public transport in cities
- Organization and supervision of transport institutions inherited from the colonial period and coordination between public sector properties Source: Official Journal N 63 relating to Law 67- 130 The period from 1967 to 1988 Expropriation of the State on the terrestrial transports Legislative texts and regulations Objective Order 71-73 du 17 November 1971 - Absence of monopoly private sector of SNTV although the existence of a legal framework that allows this activity. Source : Official Journal N 97 relating to the order71- 73 Decree 81-375 of December 26, 1981 - The attribution of the municipality and the Town Office
- Absence of the private sector Source : Official Journal N 52 relating to decree 81- 375
Decree 83-306 of 07 may 1983 - Ending the centralization and distribution of public company passenger in: TVC center, TVO West. TVSO South West. TVO East and TVSE South-East. Source : Official Journal N 19 relating to decree 83- 306 Interministerial Order 20 May 1987 Integration of the private sector in the transport sector Source : Official Journal N 21 relating to the Interministerial Order The period from 1988-2001: opening of the road transport market Legislative texts and regulations Objective Executive Order 88-01 of January 12, 1988 - Canceling of the state and a strong emergence of the private sector
- Abandonment of institutions by the State
- Improving the efficiency and productivity of commercial institutions Source : Official Journal N 02 relating to the Executive Order 8 8 - 01 Law 88-17 of May 10, 1988 - Private sector development Source : Official Journal N 19 relating to the Executive Order 88- 17 Executive Decree N 90-381 of 24 November 1990
- Improved profitability and efficiency of institutions to make them more productive i n accordance with the commercial code Source : Official Journal N 51 relating to the Executive Order 90- 381 Executive Decree N 91-195 of 01 June 1991 - Fix the general conditions for the exercise of terrestrial transport activities within the framework of Law N 88-17 of May 10, 1988, Mentioned above. Source : Official Journal N 27 relating to the Executive Order 91- 195 The period from 2001 to 2012 Legislative texts and regulations Objectives Executive Decree N 03-261 of July 23, 2003 - Composition, allocation and operation of the National terrestrial Transport Council, the Interministerial Technical Committee for the Transport of Dangerous Material and the Administrative Penalties Commission of Wilaya (Province) Source: Official Journal N Executive Decree N 04-416 of December 20, 2004
- Determination of the procedures for drawing up and implementing terrestrial transport plans for people Source: Official Journal N 62 Executive Decree N 09-89 of February 17, 2009 - Determination of the operating methods of the account of special assignment N 302-125 entitled: special fund for the development of public transport Source : Official Journal N° Executive Decree n10-91 Law N 11-09 of June 5, 2001 amending and supplementing Law N 01 - 13 of August 7, 2001
- Orientation and organization of terrestrial transport; public transport, own transport, operation, combined intermodal transport, vehicle, rail transport, guide transport of persons, road transport of persons and goods. Executive Decree N 12-109 of March 06, 2012 - Organization of the functioning and missions of the urban transport organizing authority.
- Adoption of A.O.T.U of certain Wilaya (province) Source: Official Journal N 15 relating to Executive Decree 12- 109 Executive Decree N 12-190 of April 25, 2012 - Creation of the authorities organizing urban transport of some Wilaya (province) including Algiers, Oran, Constantine, Annaba, Setif, Batna, Sidi bel abbots, Mostaganem, and Ouargla. Source : Official Journal N 25 relating to Executive Decree 12- 190 Executive Decree N 12-230 of May 24, 2012 Regulation of taxi transportation in 03 forms:
- Individual taxi services
- Urban Collective Tax Services
- Non Urban Collective Taxi Services Source : Official Journal N 33 relating to Executive Decree 12 - 230 Source: (Official Journal, n.d.) (Author treatment)
- Inter-sectoral and inter-regional coordination.
- Optimization resources.
- Rationalization of the use of ground Contents - Schema
- Orientation
- Development
- Regulation.
- Graphic document
- Vocation and function of the province (Wilaya).
- Vocation and function of the municipality The criteria - Sectoral policies (hydraulics, transport and tourism)
- Resources, natural human
- Opposability to third party
- Population social economy
- Urban composition
- Architecture.
- General directions of the NSPS, the RSPS and the law on the development
- General directions of the NSPS, the RSPS and the TODP. The scales National Regional Communal province (Wilaya) Communal Elaboration - Structures responsible for territorial planning.
- province (Wilaya)
- Wali (APW)
- Urban planning ministers
- local communities
- assembled province (Wilaya) people.
- Wali.
- assembled communal people Approval - Council of Ministers
- province (Wilaya)
- Wali
- Urban planning ministers
- local communities
- assembled province (Wilaya) people.
- Wali. assembled communal people Management - Sector Communal - province (Wilaya) Communal Source: (BAOUNI, Malfunctions urban planning and urban transport in Algerian cities) Table 4. Existing Legislative and Regulatory Texts in Algeria Legislative text Definition Order Enacted by the President of the Republic between the two parliamentary sessions of the spring and autumn. In most of the cases, this order, once the parliamentary session opens, passed by the parliament with its two chambers, and is approved in the form of "law". Law "The law in the formal sense is the law voted by the parliament and enacted by the president of the republic". The proposed legislation, to be admissible, are filed by twenty (20) deputies. The draft laws presented by the cabinet after consulting the Council of State then submitted by the first Minister on the National Popular office of the assembly. Presidential Decree According to the article 77 of the presidential, decree N 96 the president of the republic on the report of the Secretary concerned by the device.-438 the presidential decree is signed by Legislative Decree This disposal has been put in place precisely during the period of application of the platform national consensus on the transitional period, and this, following the judgment of electoral process in 1922 regarding legislative decree specifies how enactment of this type of text. Executive Decree Was signed by the chef of the government before the constitutional revision of November 2008 and is signed by the first minister after the revision of the constitution and this, on report of the minister concerned after approval of the president of the republic. Decree This disposal has been abandoned for some years before, there has been promulgation of texts by decree signed either by the President of the Republic or the first Minister. Interministeril Instruction Instruction concerning a particular domain, with interference from several different sectors, to be published in the Official Journal, and to be signed Jointly by two or more ministers. Ministerial Instruction Instruction concerning a partic the official journal, which must be signed by the minister concerned.ular domain, with the intervention of a single sector to be published in Stopped Being signed by several different levels of competence under:
- Minister
- Two or more ministers
- Wali
- President of the Municipal People's Assembly. Source: (BENAMARA , Municipal territory in Algeria between urban development and legal texts, case study; municipality of Corso, 2012).
Table 5. Characteristics of Algiers Airport Source: (ASMP) 2005 - 2025 Table 6. Urban Planning Instruments and Transportation in the City of Algiers (Author Processing) STRATEGIC OBJECTIVES THE PRIORITY THEME CROSSED NSPS (the Nat ional Spatial Planning Scheme) TERRITORIAL Transport system and sustainable mobility Urbanization and metro urban sprawl Quality of life Quality of the environment Development and modernization Only Law N 01-13 of 17 Joumada El Oula 1422 corresponding to August 17, 2001 on orientation and organization of terrestrial transport that addresses the subject of transport in the NSPS
- Modernization and networking of public works infrastructure, motorway and rail transport, logistics and communication platforms. RSPS (The Regional Spatial Planning Scheme) REGIONAL - Agglomeration organization promoting economic development, solidarity and integration of populations, distribution of activities and services and controlled management of space and urban mobility. MPDMA (The Master Plan for the Development of Metropolitan Areas) METROPOLITAN - The location of major transport infrastructures and major structural equipment - The general guidelines for the protection and valorization of the environment - Create a common culture of spatial planning across the administrative boundaries of the territory and sit the bases of a territory project from its nerve center, which is the metropolitan area. TODP (The Town Office Development Plan) SPECIFIC - Modernization of railway infrastructure - The extension of the tram line to the west of the office town - Urban transport companies for 48 Office Town. - Improvement of public transport infrastructure and networks. - The extension of the metro line 01 to the commune of BAB EZZOUAR ... Source: (NSPS) 2025 (Author Treatment) Aerodrome Taxiway Strops Parking Main Track Secondary Track Nbre Long Larg. Nbre Long Larg. Nbre/Poste Long Larg. Orient Long Larg. Orient Long Larg. Algiers/ Houari Boumédiénne 2 35 00 25 3 257, 25 32 625 95 23 05/23^3500 60 09/27^3500 50 25 7, 285 380 257,
