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The Multifaceted Nature of Art: Exploring Its Diverse Forms and Purposes, Summaries of Performing Arts

A comprehensive overview of the diverse and multifaceted nature of art. It explores the various forms of art, including visual, auditory, and performing arts, and delves into the philosophical perspectives on art. The document also examines the role of art in shaping societal values, beliefs, and norms, as well as its significance in cultural preservation, communication, and personal expression. Additionally, it discusses the elements of art, the principles of design, and the historical development of art from prehistoric times to the contemporary era. The document offers insights into the universal and experiential nature of art, highlighting its integral connection to education and its ability to enrich our daily lives. By studying this document, readers can gain a deeper understanding of the complex and multifaceted nature of art and its profound impact on individuals and societies.

Typology: Summaries

2023/2024

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AH 112 (2ND SEMESTER) - MIDTERM
What is Art?
Art is a broad and diverse form of
human expression that encompasses
various creative activities, including
visual, auditory, or performing arts.
It involves the use of skills,
imagination, and creativity to produce
something that is intended to be
appreciated for its aesthetic beauty,
emotional power, intellectual depth,
or cultural significance.
Art can take many forms, such as
painting, sculpture, music, literature,
dance, theater, film, photography, and
more.
It often serves as a means of
communication, allowing artists to
convey ideas, emotions, experiences,
and perspective to an audience.
The philosopher Plato defined art as
an imitation that imitates the
imperfect and changing world of
appearance and, therefore,
considered it a mere imitation of
reality.
Question to Ponder
Can art influence or change your
perception of your own identity or the
identity of a certain group?
Art can definitely influence or change your
perception of your own identity or the
identity of a certain group. Art has the
power to evoke emotions, challenge
stereotypes, and provide different
perspectives, which can lead to a shift in
how individuals view themselves and
others. Art can also serve as a platform for
marginalized groups to express their
experiences and narratives, leading to
greater understanding and empathy from
the audience. Whether it's through visual
arts, literature, music, or other forms of
expression, art has the potential to shape
and expand our understanding of identity.
Art can also create new identities and
communities. For example, the LGBTQ+
community has used art to create a sense of
shared identity and belonging. Art can also
be used to explore and express individual
identity, allowing people to express their
unique perspectives and experiences.
What role do you think art plays in
shaping societal values, beliefs, and
norms?
Art plays a significant role in shaping societal
values, beliefs, and norms. It has the power
to challenge existing norms, provoke critical
thinking, and provide a platform for
marginalized voices. Through various art
forms such as visual arts, literature, music,
and theater, artists can address social and
political issues, advocate for change, and
offer alternative perspectives. Art can also
serve as a reflection of the cultural and
social context in which it is created,
influencing public discourse and
contributing to the evolution of societal
values and beliefs. Additionally, art has the
ability to inspire empathy, promote
diversity, and foster dialogue, ultimately
contributing to the shaping of a more
inclusive and reflective society.
For example, a painting depicting a heroic
act may inspire viewers to act courageously,
while a film about the consequences of drug
abuse may deter people from using drugs.
Art can transmit cultural values and
traditions from one generation to the next.
For example, folk art often depicts
traditional stories and legends, while
classical music preserves the musical
traditions of past centuries.
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AH 112 (

ND

SEMESTER) - MIDTERM

What is Art?

− Art is a broad and diverse form of human expression that encompasses various creative activities, including visual, auditory, or performing arts. − It involves the use of skills, imagination, and creativity to produce something that is intended to be appreciated for its aesthetic beauty, emotional power, intellectual depth, or cultural significance. − Art can take many forms, such as painting, sculpture, music, literature, dance, theater, film, photography, and more. − It often serves as a means of communication, allowing artists to convey ideas, emotions, experiences, and perspective to an audience. − The philosopher Plato defined art as an imitation that imitates the imperfect and changing world of appearance and, therefore, considered it a mere imitation of reality.

Question to Ponder

  • Can art influence or change your perception of your own identity or the identity of a certain group? Art can definitely influence or change your perception of your own identity or the identity of a certain group. Art has the power to evoke emotions, challenge stereotypes, and provide different perspectives, which can lead to a shift in how individuals view themselves and others. Art can also serve as a platform for marginalized groups to express their experiences and narratives, leading to greater understanding and empathy from the audience. Whether it's through visual arts, literature, music, or other forms of expression, art has the potential to shape and expand our understanding of identity. Art can also create new identities and communities. For example, the LGBTQ+ community has used art to create a sense of shared identity and belonging. Art can also be used to explore and express individual identity, allowing people to express their unique perspectives and experiences.
  • What role do you think art plays in shaping societal values, beliefs, and norms? Art plays a significant role in shaping societal values, beliefs, and norms. It has the power to challenge existing norms, provoke critical thinking, and provide a platform for marginalized voices. Through various art forms such as visual arts, literature, music, and theater, artists can address social and political issues, advocate for change, and offer alternative perspectives. Art can also serve as a reflection of the cultural and social context in which it is created, influencing public discourse and contributing to the evolution of societal values and beliefs. Additionally, art has the ability to inspire empathy, promote diversity, and foster dialogue, ultimately contributing to the shaping of a more inclusive and reflective society. For example, a painting depicting a heroic act may inspire viewers to act courageously, while a film about the consequences of drug abuse may deter people from using drugs. Art can transmit cultural values and traditions from one generation to the next. For example, folk art often depicts traditional stories and legends, while classical music preserves the musical traditions of past centuries.

"The essence of all beautiful art, all great art is, is gratitude"

- Friedrich Nietzsche

The Purpose of Art

Communication and Connection:

Art transcends language barriers and connects people across different cultures and backgrounds. It serves as a universal language that enables individuals to share experiences, thoughts, and emotions, fostering connections and empathy.

Educational and Historical:

Art is a valuable educational tool, offering insights into historical periods, cultural contexts, and artistic techniques. It can make history come alive and provide visual narratives that engage learners and enhance their understanding of the past.

Entertainment and Leisure:

Art provides entertainment and leisure for individuals and communities. Various forms of art, such as music, literature, theater, and film, offer an escape from the routine of daily life, allowing people to experience joy, relaxation, and pleasure.

Personal and Emotional:

Art serves as a means for individuals to express and process their emotions, experiences, and inner thoughts. It allows them to communicate what might be difficult to convey through words alone. Creating and engaging with art can offer catharsis, healing, and a sense of emotional release.

Cultural and Identity:

Art is deeply intertwined with culture and Identity. It reflects the values, beliefs, and traditions of a society. Through art, cultural heritage is preserved and passed down to future generations, fostering a sense of continuity and connection with one's roots.

Economic:

Art has an economic dimension, contributing to industries such as visual arts, music, film, and literature. It generates employment opportunities for artists, curators, writers, performers, and others involved in the creative process.

Environmental and Public Spaces:

Public art installations and environment art can transform public spaces, making them more visually appealing and engaging. Art can raise awareness about environmental issues and inspire conversions about sustainability.

Spiritual and Reflective:

Art has played a role in religious and spiritual practices throughout history. It can create a sense of awe, reverence, and connection to something beyond the material world, encouraging contemplation and introspection.

What is Design?

  • It is the process of envisioning and planning the creation of objects, interactive systems, buildings, vehicles, etc. It user-centered, i.e. users are at the heart of the design thinking approach.
  • It is a very broad concept and its meaning cab greatly vary from one field to another. It and permeates many aspects of our lives and branches out into many different subgenres, from product design, sound, virtual reality, interaction, to designing cars, video games, etc.

Is it Art or a science?

  • While not being exactly an art nor a science, it takes elements from both. Art is about creating something that expresses the author's vision, ideas and feelings. While designers can

Contrast

 Contrast involves juxtaposition of different elements, such as light and dark values, colors, textures, sizes, or shapes. Contrast creates visual interest and helps emphasize certain elements.

Emphasis

 Emphasis highlights a specific element or area within a composition to draw the viewer's attention. It can be achieved through contrast, isolation, placement, or using a focal point.

Unity

 Unity, also known as harmony, refers to the coherence and visual consistency within a composition. Elements should work together to create a sense of wholeness and coherence.

Rhythm/Movement

 Rhythm creates a sense of movement and visual flow in a composition. It can be achieved through repetition, alternation, progression, or gradation of elements.  It can be achieved through lines, shapes, and arrangement of elements.

MEANING AND IMPORTANCE OF

HUMANITIES

  • The name "Humanities" derives from the Latin word humanus, which meaning "educated."
  • Architecture, dance, literature, music, painting, theater, and sculpture are examples of learning arts (Sanches,
  • They are areas of knowledge that emphasize on human ideas and connections (Machlis, 2003)
  • As a branch of learning, artwork is regarded the material object, while creativity and appreciation are considered the formal object (Menoy, 2009 & Marcos et al., 2010)
  • Similar to this, humanities are more interested in how a person displays their emotions. These emotions may be expressed through body language or facial expressions.
  • Humanities are represented by things like smiling, sobbing, squeezing our fists, curling our toes, extending our fingers, and crossing our arms (Menoy, 2009).

SCOPE

  • The scope of humanities is both vast and profound, encompassing the exploration of human culture, thought, and expression throughout history and across diverse societies. It delves into disciplines such as philosophy, literature, history, art, music, languages, and more offering a comprehensive understanding of the human experience.
  • Humanities foster critical thinking, empathy, and cultural literacy, allowing individuals to engage with complex ethical, social, and philosophical questions. Its scope extends to examining the timeless works of literature, art, and philosophy that shaped societies, as well as addressing contemporary issues and exploring the evolving nature of human identity in a globalized world.

WORKING DEFINITION

  • Art is a multifaceted and dynamic form of creative expression that encompasses a wide range of mediums and styles, aiming to communicate ideas, emotions, or experiences.
  • Art is not confined by rigid boundaries or a single definition; instead, it thrives on diversity and innovation, reflecting

the evolving nature of human creativity and cultural expression.

HISTORY OF ART

  • Historically speaking, the human instinct to create art is universal. Art is an approach of a human being to communicate his/her beliefs and express ideas about his/her experiences. It also provides valuable insights into the past and existing cultures. It helps us to understand how others have lived and what they valued (Annenberg Foundation, 2017)

PRE-HISTORIC

  • The term "prehistoric" relates to the time before written history. Specifically, the writing developed in ancient Mesopotamia before 3000 B.C.E., so this period includes visual culture (paintings, sculpture, and architecture) made before that date (Zucker, 2015).
  • The oldest recognized decorative art forms come from Africa date back to 100,000 B.C.E., Prehistoric art has four main periods: Stone age, Neolithic, Bronze Age, and Iron Age. The remaining artifacts of this period are small sculptures and cave paintings.
  • Ancient people often represented their worldviews and beliefs through visual images. Art emerged with the appearance and the dispersal of entirely modern people
  • Prehistoric art like animals are the favorite subjects of hunters, herdsmen, and breeders.
  • Prehistoric art has four main periods: Stone Age, Neolithic, Bronze Age, and Iron Age. The remaining artifacts of this period are small sculptures and cave paintings.
  • During these early times, different forms of art were created and performed as a sign of communication on adoration to the deity.

HISTORY OF ART

  • The oldest European cave art is the El Castilla Cave (Cave of the Castle) in Spain. This cave was discovered in 1903 by Hermilio Alcalde del Rio, a Spanish archeologist.
  • Some Archeologists argue that artwork inside this cave are probably a creation of Homo neanderthalensis.

ANCIENT ART (c. 3,000 BCE - c. 476 CE):

  • Ancient civilization like Egypt, Mesopotamia, Greece, and Rome produced iconic artworks, including monumental architecture, sculptures, pottery, and frescoes.
  • Greek art, in particular, introduced concepts of idealized beauty and proportion.

MEDIEVAL ART (c. 476 CE - c. 1400 CE):

  • Dominated by Christian religious themes, medieval art includes illuminated manuscripts, Byzantine mosaics, and Gothic cathedrals.
  • Iconography and symbolism played a crucial role.

RENAISSANCE (14th-17th centuries):

  • The Renaissance in Italy marked a rebirth of interest in classical Greek and Roman art and culture.
  • Artists like Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, and Raphael produced masterpieces that emphasized realism, perspective, and individualism.

BAROQUE (17th-18th centuries):

  • Baroque art was characterized by drama, grandeur, and elaborate ornamentation, often associated with the Counter-Reformation and the Catholic Church.

Art is not Nature

➢ Art is man’s expression of his reception of nature. Art is man’s way of interpreting nature. Art is made by man, whereas nature is given around us.

Art involves Experience

➢ By experience, we mean the “actual doing of something”. Depends on experience, and if one is to know art, he must know it not as fact or information but as experience. Unlike fields of knowledge that involved data, art is known by experience.

2 CLASSIFICATIONS OF ART

VISUAL ARTS

  • These arts are those forms that create works which are primarily visual (forms perceived by the eyes). The man can take the beauty of nature through a piece of paper so that other people may take time appreciating the captured image. THIS INCLUDES
  • Painting
  • Sculpture
  • Architecture
  • Drawing
  • Photography

PERFORMING ARTS

  • These arts are those forms in which the artist used his/her own body, face, and presence as a medium. THIS INCLUDES
  • Theatre (drama)
  • Music
  • Dance
  • Film
  • Opera
  • Stagecraft

7 MAJOR ART FORMS

PAINTING

  • This is one of the most important art forms, painting. With painting, the artist works on a two-dimensional surface. This surface is mostly a stretched linen, cotton canvas, or wooden panel. Some artist also paints on other surfaces, such as metal or plastic.

SCULPTURE

  • The second central pillar of visual arts is sculpture. With sculpture, visual art is no longer limited to the dimensional surface of a painting , drawing , or photograph , as it consists of all three-dimensional artworks. Is most often produced using materials such as marble, wood, copper, or bronze.

LITERATURE

  • Literature as an art form consist of the art words or written work. Think of poetry, prose, drama fiction, or non-fiction. The most common non- fiction genres are essays, letters diaries, and biographies.
  • Literature has been considered a form of art for centuries.

ARCHITECTURE

  • Architecture is not only a practice of constructing buildings or other structures. It also has a powerful cultural, aesthetic, and even ideological purpose.
  • Architecture is a form of communication. It can tell a story, intimidate its visitors, convince someone of a specific belief or contribute to a spiritual experience.

THEATRE

  • Our fifth form of art consists of theatre or the performing arts in general, with the exception of music. Think of dance or drama that must be performed in front of an audience.
  • Theatre or the performing arts are intensely expressive, marked by emotions and feelings, on stage and in the theatre hall.

FILM

  • Film was invented by the turn of the 19 th^ century to the 20th^ century. With the invention and experimentation of motion pictures, an entirely new art form was introduced.
  • At first, people were intensely occupied with the so-called cinema of attractions, in which the film’s central idea was simply the wonder of moving pictures.

MUSIC

  • Art is not an object, nor can it be visually experienced with music. The art itself is the arrangement of sound in time. As with theatre, music needs a performance. As a result, it is only temporary and volatile. Music is one of the most expressive forms of art and has a very direct impact.

THE VALUE OF ARTS IN THE

EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM

  • Knowing and practicing the arts disciplines are fundamental to the development of the minds and spirits of the students (National Art Education Association, 1994). Arts are inseparable from education.
  • When early humans drea images on the walls of the caves, the artworks have been the means of recording human experiences and of making sense of the world. It educates us on how early people lived and survived.
  1. Arts are integral to every person’s daily life because it helps shape our spiritual, political, economic, cultural, and social environments.
  2. Arts are refreshing because it offers unique sources of enjoyment, and it investigates relationships between thought and actions.
  3. Arts develop students’ attitudes because it teacher self-discipline, reinforces self-esteem, fosters the thinking skills and creativity and values the importance of teamwork and cooperation.

PAINTING

  • The term "painting" is derived from eh Old French word " peintier ," which means "to paint."
  • " Peintier " derives from the Latin word " pingere ," which means "to paint, represent in a picture, stain, embroider, tattoo.” The term “painting” refers to “that which is painted, a picture depicted with paint”. It also refers to the art of portraying using paint.
  • Painting is a highly revered and ancient type of art. We have painted from humanity's first steps on this planet, and ancient cave paintings demonstrate our urge to express ourselves from the beginning.
  • The modern day is no different, painting is at the very core of how humans express their hopes, dreams, fears, and emotions. With time has come a slew of different styles, mediums, and subjects that have seen the art of painting diversify and evolve. Today, painting is as highly regarded as ever, with many different schools and

OIL

  • Some of the world’s most famous paintings were painted in oils, with portraits being a particular speciality of many artists who work in this medium.

WATER COLOR

  • Watercolour paints tend to be inexpensive to purchase but, similar to oil paints, difficult to master.
  • Paints are diluted with water meaning they can go a long way from a single tube, but once the paints are on the canvas there is little that can be done to correct mistakes.
  • Water colour paintings work beautifully with light and are often used to paint landscapes.

ACRYLIC

  • Only dating back to 1940, acrylic is a relatively new painting medium.
  • It dries quickly, is versatile, and can be very durable. If you make a mistake using acrylic paints you can even scrape them off if you act quickly.
  • Many pop artists used acrylic in their works, with the famous Campbell Soup Can a particular example of acrylic art.

GOUACHE

  • Gouache is a form of watercolour which has been modified to be opaque which differentiates it from more traditional watercolour paints.
  • As a painting medium, it dries quickly and dries to a slightly different colour than when it was wet.
  • Many commercial artists work in gouache, as it is vibrant and can block out colours quickly.

PASTEL

  • Pastels differ from many of the other types of painting art mediums in some key ways.
  • Most pastels come in the form of a stick of powdered pigment which is then pressed onto the canvas to apply the colour, with several different varieties available.
  • When using pastels you’ll get strong colours that are close to the natural pigmentation inside the pastel, and with few barriers to creating art, it’s possible to get a canvas and some pastels and get creating quickly with this type of medium.

ENCAUSTIC

  • Encaustic painting is an ancient method of infusing colour into a surface, usually wood, canvas, or even tile.
  • Pigments are added to a wax which is then heated and added to the surface, giving a luminous colour with strong dimensional qualities.

FRESCO

  • Frescoes are traditionally a quite large-scale painting medium, as they are usually applied over a layer of freshly laid lime plaster.
  • This method allows the paint and pigment to bond with the plater, making the image integral to the surface.
  • Many famous frescoes have been painted throughout history, including The Creation of Adam and The Last Supper.

SPRAY PAINT

  • Spray paint, or aerosol paint, is a modern form of painting and has become associated with street art or graffiti.
  • The paint is held in a sealed can and released in an aerosol spray, allowing smooth, even coats to be applied to a surface.
  • This makes it ideal when speed is of the essence and allows large areas to be painted in one sitting.

DIGITAL

  • Lastly, the modern age has brought us a new medium of painting, in digital format.
  • Using digital painting tools which include virtual brushes of different sizes and textures as well as a range of colours that would be difficult to procure in reality
  • Digital artists are able to create paintings that can push the boundaries of their imagination.
  • Digital painting has swiftly become a painting medium all by itself, as digital artists continue to explore what’s possible with this new medium.

TYPES OF PAINTING SUBJECTS

HISTORICAL PAINTING

  • These focus on a representation of a particular historical, religious, or allegorical event. As such, a moral message is usually a key component of the painting in question.

PORTRAIT PAINTING

  • Portrait art uses people as its subjects. The most commonly known type of portrait art focuses on a single person, but group or self- portraits are also classified under this type of painting subject.

GENRE PAINTING

  • A genre painting has an everyday scene as its subject. This differs from landscape painting as in genre painting it is the representation of life itself which is the subject.
  • Examples may include workers going about their day or a banquet being held, what is important is the scene itself, not the individuals who make up the scene.

LANDSCAPE PAINTING

  • Landscape paintings are one of the most popular and enduring types of subject, focusing on a natural scene.
  • Most landscape paintings aim for a sense of realism, focusing on things like the light shining through clouds or reflecting off the water.

STILL LIFE PAINTING

  • A still life painting looks at everyday or domestic objects and aims to accurately represent them.
  • This can be used as a way to practice painting techniques, such as the way colours change as light and shadow drape across an object.