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Cancer
is a disorder of altered cell differentiation and growth it is the development of new, abnormal tissue which serves no useful purpose but grows at the expense of the healthy organism TERM 2
Neoplasm
DEFINITION 2 is the new growth it is not hypertrophy the growth is uncoordinated and autonomous (grows independently) lack regular stimuli that control growth tend to increase in size and continue to grow after the stimulus that evoked the change has ceased TERM 3
Benign neoplasms
DEFINITION 3 well differentiated tumours that resemble the tissues of origin but have lost the ability to control cell proliferation (to reproduce) growth enclosed in a fibrous capsule do not cause death unless their location is such that it interrupts vital body functions progressive & slow resemble cells of origin grow by expansion not invasion does not spread by metastasis TERM 4
Malignant neoplasm
DEFINITION 4 well differentiated tumours that have lost the ability to control both cell proliferation & differentiation grow in a disorganized & uncontrolled manner to invade surround tissue. cells that break loose & travel to distant sites to form metastases cause suffering and death unless controlled through treatment some malignancies secrete hormones, cytokines and enzymes or include an inflammatory response that injures normal tissue as well as the tumour, some secrete vascular endothelial cell growth factor which increases blood supply don't resemble cell of origin TERM 5
Solid tumours
DEFINITION 5 type of malignant neoplasm initially confined to specific tissue or organ as growth progresses cells detach from the original tumour mass and invade the surrounding tissue and enter the blood and lymph systems to spread to distant sites, this is called metastesizing
Hematologic cancers
a type of malignant neoplasm involve cells normally found in the blood and lymph thereby making them disseminated from the beginning TERM 7
In Situ
DEFINITION 7 localized pre-invasive lesion an example, in breast ductal carcinoma in situ, the cells have not crossed the basement membrane usually can be removed surgically or treated so that the chances of recurrence are small example, carcinoma in situ of the cervix is essentially 100% curable TERM 8
Carcinoma
DEFINITION 8 cancer of the epithelial tissue TERM 9
Sarcoma
DEFINITION 9 cancer of the connective tissue TERM 10
Lymphoma
DEFINITION 10 cancer of the lymphatic tissue
Seeding
tumour erodes & sheds cells into body cavities TERM 17
Metastasis
DEFINITION 17 describes the development of a secondary tumour at a distant from the primary tumour metastatic tumours may retain the characteristics of the primary tumour thus it is possible to determine the origin TERM 18
Factors affecting tumour
growth
DEFINITION 18 number of cells that are actively dividing or moving through the cell cycle the duration of the cell cycle: the cell cycle is not shorter with cancer cells fewer cells die and fewer cells enter the inactive stage the number of cells that are being lost compared with the number of new cells being produced TERM 19
Growth factor
DEFINITION 19 is the ratio of dividing cells to resting cells in a tissue mass TERM 20
Doubling time
DEFINITION 20 is the length of time it takes for the total mass of cells in a tumour to double
Protooncogenes
these are normal genes that become cancer causing TERM 22
Initiation
DEFINITION 22 involves the exposure of cells to dose of a carcinogenic agent that indices a transformation carcinogenic ages are chemicals, radiation, viruses and they act on DNA TERM 23
Promotion
DEFINITION 23 unregulated and accelerated growth of initiated cells caused by chemicals and growth factors alcohol. estrogen, dietary fats can all encourage cell division TERM 24
Progression
DEFINITION 24 cells acquire malignant phenotype changes may include ability to invade and metastasize TERM 25
Genetic factors leading to cancer
DEFINITION 25 certain cancers appear to have a genetic basis including familial breast cancer, Wilm's tumour (appear on kidney)
Anorexia cachexia syndrome
the rapid growth of the abnormal tumour cells places high demands for oxygen, nutrients and energy and deplete the body stores signs & symptoms:anorexia, weight loss, muscle wasting, malnutrition, dehydration, asthenia (fatigue and decrease strength) TERM 32
Immunosuppression
DEFINITION 32 end stage of cancer is characterized by suppression of the immune system pathology:decreased production or immunoglobulins due to: decreased intake of proteins, decreased resources of protein metabolism, suppression of protein metabolism by tumour & metabolites, hopelessness and despair. signs & symptoms:increased rate of infection, poor wound healing TERM 33
Bone marrow suppression
DEFINITION 33 anemia pathology:blood loss due to erosion of blood vessels, decreased folic acid & B12 ingestion due to anorexia- cachexia, radiation and chemotherapy suppress bone marrow therapy signs & symptoms:pallor, decreased energy, weakness TERM 34
Leukopenia
DEFINITION 34 pathology:decreased protein intake due to anorexia- cachexia, chemotherapy and radiation signs & symptoms:increased susceptibility to infection TERM 35
Thrombocytopenia
DEFINITION 35 pathology:anorexia-cachexia, chemotherapy, radiation signs & symptoms:bruising, hemorrhage, chronic blood loss/anemia
Pain
pathology:stimulation of sensory receptors by metabolites, compression of sensory receptors by tumour masses, pressure of tumour on surrounding tissue, stretching of visceral surfaces, esp peritoneum, liver and bowel, inflammation, tissue erosion by tumour growth, bone destruction by metastases, fatigue, hopelessness TERM 37
Clinical manifestations of cancer
DEFINITION 37 alteration in tissue integrity anorexia cachexia syndrome immunosuppression bone marrow suppression pain stomatitis and/or xerostomia skin break down TERM 38
Stomatitis and/or xerostomia
DEFINITION 38 pathology:erosion of mucous membrane, decreased healing due to suppression of protein metabolism by tumour metabolites, damage from chemo and radiation therapy signs & symptoms:sore, unhealed areas of oral and/or esophageal mucosa TERM 39
Ascites and/or pleural effusion
DEFINITION 39 pathology:decreased serum protein due to: anorexia-cachexia, decreased production of immunoglobulins. decreased protein synthesis lowers osmolality of blood, tumour metabolites increase capillary permeability, pressure of tumour forces fluid out of capillary beds into pleural space or into abdominal cavity signs & symptoms:pleural effusion: increased dyspnea, orthopnea, rapid, shallow respirations, absent chest sounds over area of effusion. ascites: increased abdominal girth, firm distended abdomen. TERM 40
Skin breakdown
DEFINITION 40 pathology:immobility, anorexia-cachexia, decreased healing due to suppression of protein metabolism by tumour metabolites.
