tai-lieu-giao-trinh-tu-hoc-ngu-phap-tieng-trung, Summaries of Chinese Language

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1.01 Pronouns 我 Wǒ I

Nǐ You

Nín You (respected) 他 Tā He

Tā She

Tā It 你们 Nǐmen You all

Wǒmen We

Tāmen They 1.02 Pronouns and the verb "to be" 我是 Wǒ shì I am

Nǐ shì You are

Nín shì You are (respected) 他是 Tā shì He is

Tā shì She is

Tā shì It is 你们是 Nǐmen shì You all

Wǒmen shì We are

Tāmen shì They 1.03 Pronouns, the verb "to be", and the noun complement "student" 我是学生。Wǒ shì xuésheng. (^) I am a student. 你是学生。Nǐ shì xuésheng. You are a student. 您是学生。Nín shì xuésheng. You (respected) are a student. 他是学生。Tā shì xuésheng. He is a student. 她是学生。Tā shì xuésheng. She is a student. 我们是学生。Wǒmen shì xuésheng. We are students. 你们是学生。Nǐmen shì xuésheng. You all are students. 他们是学生。Tāmen shì xuésheng. They are students. 1.04 Pronouns, the verb "to be", and the noun complement "teacher" and "business person". 我是老师。 Wǒ shì lǎoshī. I am a teacher. 你是商人。 Nǐ shì shāngrén. You are a business person. 您是老师。 Nín shì lǎoshī. You (respected) are a teacher. 他是商人。 Tā shì shāngrén. He is a business person. 她是老师。 Tā shì lǎoshī. She is a teacher. 我们是商人。 Wǒmen shì shāngrén. (^) We are business people. 你们是老师。 Nǐmen shì lǎoshī. You all are teachers. 他们是商人。 Tāmen shì shāngrén. They are business people.

I am You are You are (respected) 他是 Tā shì He is

Tā shì She is

Tā shì It is 你们是 Nǐmen shì You all

Wǒmen shì We are

Tāmen shì They Notes: The verb to be 是 shì does not decline, that is to say that its form stays the same no matter who is performing the action. Compared to the English "I am", "You are", "He is", it is actually much easier, right? Also, please be aware that there are no spaces between the words in a Chinese sentence! 1.03 Pronouns, the verb "to be", and the noun complement "student" 我是学生。Wǒ shì xuésheng. I am a student. 你是学生。Nǐ shì xuésheng. You are a student. 您是学生。Nín shì xuésheng. You (respected) are a student. 他是学生。Tā shì xuésheng. He is a student. 她是学生。Tā shì xuésheng. She is a student. 我们是学生。Wǒmen shì xuésheng. We are students. 你们是学生。Nǐmen shì xuésheng. (^) You all are students. 他们是学生。Tāmen shì xuésheng. They are students. Notes: Nouns in Mandarin Chinese usually have a single form that is used whether the noun is singular or plural. That is why 学生 xuésheng remains the same for 他是学生。 Tā shì xuésheng. and 他 们是学生。 Tāmen shì xuésheng. You can add 们 men to create a special plural form of the noun, but this is really only used in special situations, often for rhetorical effect. Vocabulary point: 学 xué is, on its own, a verb that means to study. Paired with the character 生 shēng it creates a new noun, student 学生 xuésheng. Pronunciation point: You may have noticed that on its own, 生 shēng has a line over it, whereas when it is paired with 学 xué it does not. That is because the 生 shēng in 学生 xuésheng changes to a neutral tone, due something known as "tone sandhi", which is Sanskrit for "incredibly coy linguistic term". What "tone sandhi" means is that you pronounce words differently based on the words that come before or after it. Native speakers of Chinese do this intuitively, as do practiced foreign speakers of Chinese. As a beginner student, it really isn't worth worrying about, and as an intermediate level student there will be some tricks you can learn that will help you along. 1.04 Pronouns, the verb "to be", and the noun complement "teacher" and "business person". 我是老师。 Wǒ shì lǎoshī. I am a teacher. 你是商人。 Nǐ shì shāngrén. You are a business person.

您是老师。 Nín shì lǎoshī. You (respected) are a teacher. 他是商人。 Tā shì shāngrén. (^) He is a business person. 她是老师。 Tā shì lǎoshī. She is a teacher. 我们是商人。 Wǒmen shì shāngrén. We are business people. 你们是老师。 Nǐmen shì lǎoshī. You all are teachers. 他们是商人。 Tāmen shì shāngrén. They are business people.

Listen to the MP3 (right click to save) Vocabulary point: 老 lǎo means old , but that is not an exact translation, For starters, it is only used in reference to people, never things. Secondly, it is often combined with other characters to make positions and titles of respect, such as 老师 lǎoshī teacher. People often point out that 老 lǎo carries positive connotations that old does not carry in the West. Since 老 lǎo refers only to people and never to things, we could translate it as senior , an English word that has both the meaning of "aged" as well as "having more authority". 商 shāng means business , and 人 rén means person or people , thus 商人 shāngrén literally means "business person". 1.05 Pronouns, the verb "to be", and the noun complements "man" and "woman" 你是男人。Nǐ shì nánrén. You are a man. 你是女人。Nǐ shì nǚrén. You are a woman. 他是男人。 Tā shì nánrén. He is a man. 她是女人。 Tā shì nǚrén. She is a woman. 他们是男人。Tāmen shì nánrén. (^) They are men. 她们是女人。Tāmen shì nǚrén. They are women. Listen to the MP3 (right click to save) Notes: You will often see Woman 女 nǚ and man 男 nán used on their own as abbreviations on restrooms, forms, etc. 1.06 You cheeky monkey! 你... Nǐ... You... 你是... Nǐ shì... You are... 你是木头人! Nǐ shì mùtóurén! You are a blockhead! Notes: Scattered throughout this course you will find sections at the end of some lessons labeled "You cheeky monkey!" In these sections we will teach you irreverent, bizarre, or sometimes even topical things to say.

shāng sheng 商人 wǒ shī 老师 xué rén 学生 2.01 Simple questions 你是学生。 Nǐ shì xuéshēng. You are a student. 你是学生吗? Nǐ shì xuéshēng ma? Are you a student? 他是商人。 Tā shì shāngrén. He is a business person. 他是商人吗? Tā shì shāngrén ma? Is he a business person? 你们是留学生。 Nǐmen shì liúxuéshēnɡ. You all are foreign students. 你们是留学生吗？ Nǐmen shì liúxuéshēnɡ ma? Are you all foreign students? 2.02 Countries and Nationalities 中国 Zhōngguó China 中国人 Zhōngguórén Chinese people 美国 Měiguó America 美国人 Měiguórén American people 英国 Yīngguó Britain 英国人 Yīngguórén British people 德国 Déguó Germany 德国人 Déguórén German people 印度 Yìndù India 印度人 Yìndùrén Indian people 2.03 Pronouns + Nationality complement in statement and question form 我是美国人。 Wǒ shì Měiguórén. I am American. 你是美国人吗？ Nǐ shì Měiguórén ma? Are you American? 他是中国人。 Tā shì Zhōngguórén. He is Chinese. 他是中国人吗？ Tā shì Zhōngguórén ma? Is he Chinese? 她是德国人。 Tā shì Déguórén. She is German. 你们是印度人吗？ Nǐmen shì Yìndùrén ma? Are you all Indian? 他们是英国人。 Tāmen shì Yīngguórén. They are English. 2.04 Nationality - a simple dialogue A 你是英国人吗? Nǐ shì Yīngguórén ma? B 是，我是英国人。 你是中国人吗？

Shì，wǒ shì Yīngguórén. Nǐ shì Zhōngguórén ma? A 是，我是中国人。 Shì，wǒ shì Zhōngguórén. Exercises A Transcribe the characters below into pinyin 1.) 美国 _________________ 2.) 中国 __________________ 3.) 德国 _________________ 4.) 印度 _________________ 5.) 英国 _________________ B Translate the pinyin into English 1.) Déguó __________________ 2.) Zhōngguó ______________ 3.) Yīngguó _________________ 4.) Měiguó ________________ C Transcribe the characters into pinyin and then translate into English 1.) 中国人 _____________ ______________ 2.) 英国人 _____________ ______________ 3.) 德国人 _____________ ______________ 4.) 美国人 _____________ ______________ 4.) 印度人 _____________ ______________ D Fill in the blanks for this dialogue A Nǐ shì _____________ ma? B Shì，wǒ shì Yīngguórén. Nǐ shì ______________ ma? A Shì，wǒ ______ Zhōngguórén. E Match the character to its pinyin 1.) 美 lǎo 2.) 男 guó 3.) 中 tā 4.) 国 (^) zhōng 5.) 老 měi 6.) 她 nán F Transcribe the following sentences into pinyin 1.) 她是德国人。 _______________________________________________________. 2.) 你们是留学生吗？ _______________________________________________________. 3.) 他是中国人吗？ _______________________________________________________. 4.) 他是商人吗? _______________________________________________________.

3.03 Nice to meet you! - everyday expressions 很... Hěn. Very... 很高兴... Hěn gāoxìng... Very nice... 很高兴认识 Hěn gāoxìng rènshi... Very nice to meet... 很高兴认识你。 Hěn gāoxìng rènshi nǐ. Very nice to meet you. Vocabulary point: 认识 rènshi is a verb that means to know, to recognize, to be familiar with 高兴 gāoxìng is an adjective that means happy, elated , the literal meaning of the first character of the word, 高 gāo means high and the second character 兴 xìng means interest 很 hěn very is an adverb and is one of the most used words in the Chinese language. 3.04 Hello! - the extended dialogue 莎拉:

Nǐ hǎo! 马特:

Nǐ hǎo! Wǒ shì Mǎté. Nǐ jiào shénme míngzì? 莎拉:

Wǒ jiào Shālā. Hěn gāoxìng rènshi nǐ. 马特:

Wǒ yě hěn gāoxìng rènshi nǐ. Notes: 也 yě is an adverb that means also. Some examples: 我也是美国人。 Wǒ yě shì Měiguórén. I am also an American. 她也是学生。 Tā yě shì xuéshēng. She is also a student. Please take note here that the position of 也 yě is firmly fixed before the verb and after the subject. For instance, you cannot start a sentence with 也 yě , as you can in English (Also, I am a doctor). 3.05 What's his name? - concept and vocabulary review dialogue A: 他叫什么名字？ Tā jiào shénme míngzi? B: 他叫马特。

Tā jiào Mǎté. A: 他是美国人吗？ Tā shì Měiguórén ma? B: 是，他是美国人。 Shì, tā shì Měiguórén. A: 他是留学生吗？ Tā shì liúxuéshēnɡ ma? B: 是，他是留学生。 Shì, tā shì liúxuéshēnɡ. Notes: Remember that in Chinese there is no direct correspondent to the English word yes. Instead, in many Chinese sentences they will reuse the verb from the question, e.g. 他是...? Tā shì...? Is he...?

• 是, 他是 Shì, tā shì... Yes, he is... In spoken Chinese, people will often answer with the verb alone, indicating affirmation. Exercises A Transcribe the characters below into pinyin 1.) 名字 ___________________ 2.) 高兴 __________________ 3.) 留学生 _________________ 4.) 叫 ____________________ 5.) 认识 ___________________ 6.) 也 ____________________ B Translate the following sentences 1.) Hěn gāoxìng rènshi nǐ. _______________________________________________________. 2.) Wǒ yě shì Zhōngguórén. _______________________________________________________. 3.) Nǐ jiào shénme míngzì? _______________________________________________________. 4.) Tāmen yě shì liúxuéshēnɡ. _______________________________________________________. C Rearrange the words into complete sentences
  1. shì Tā ma Měiguórén?

In other words, please note that the 生 shēng in xiānsheng doesn't have a line over it. That means that you should put more emphasis on the first syllable of the word, 先 xiān. 4.02 Introductions - simple formal A 您贵姓? Nín guì xìng? B 我姓李。您贵姓? Wǒ xìng Lǐ. Nín guì xìng? A 我姓张。 Wǒ xìng Zhāng. Notes: 您贵姓? Nín guì xìng? is a formal and polite way to ask another person's last name. 姓 xìng means family name , and 贵 guì is an adjective modifying 姓 xìng that literally means "expensive". I 姓 xìng is analogous to the British English use of "dear" to mean both "expensive" and, well, "dear". 4.03 Full Chinese Names 我姓李, 叫李雪。 Wǒ xìng Lǐ, jiào Lǐ Xuě. My name is Li Xue. 我姓王, 叫王军。 Wǒ xìng Wáng, jiào Wáng Jūn. My name is Wang Jun. 她姓张, 叫张小鱼。 Tā xìng Zhāng, jiào Zhāng Xiǎoyú. Her name is Zhang Xiaoyu. 他姓刘， 叫刘强国。 Tā xìng Liú, jiào Liú Qiángguó. His name is Liu Qiangguo. 4.04 Common last names with professional titles. 李 Lǐ Lee

Lǐ jīnglǐ Manager Lee

Lǐ lǎoshī Teacher Lee 王 Wáng Wang

Wáng jīnglǐ Manager Wang

Wáng lǎoshī Teacher Wang 张 Zhāng Zhang

Zhāng jīnglǐ Manager Zhang

Zhāng lǎoshī Teacher Zhang 刘 Liú Liu

Liú jīnglǐ Manager Liu

Liú lǎoshī Teacher Liu

Notes: It is quite common in Chinese to use professional titles when addressing adults - in English, we really only do this with doctors, politicians, and people in the military. Bear in mind as well that the person's title comes after, not before the family name. 4.05 Hello teacher! - concept and vocabulary review dialogue 马特:

Lǎoshī ，nín hǎo! 张老师:

Nǐ hǎo！ Nǐ shì liúxuéshēnɡ ma? 马特:

Shì, wǒ shì liúxuéshēnɡ. 张老师:

Nǐ jiào shénme míngzì? 马特:

Wǒ jiào Mǎtè. Exercises A Transcribe the characters below into pinyin 1.) 贵 _____________________ 2.) 小姐 ____________________ 3.) 我 _____________________ 4.) 老师 ____________________ 5.) 经理 __________________ 6.) 留学生 __________________ 7.) 姓 _____________________ 8.) 叫 _______________________ B Match the words with their translation 1.) 叫 teacher 2.) 老师 last name (surname) 3.) 经理 expensive 4.) 贵 to be called, to be named 5.) 姓 manager C Fill in the blanks A Nín ______ xìng? B Wǒ __________ Lǐ. ________ guì xìng? A _______ xìng Zhāng. D Circle the pinyin for the characters 高 : shēnɡ jiào xìng gāo 留 : hǎo liú xiān xìng 先 : (^) xiān xìng shén hǎo 小 : (^) hěn wǒ xiǎo míng 名 : xìng gāo míng ma 什 : míng tā hǎo shén E Write the English meanings next to the words 1.) 高兴 Gāoxìng _________________ 2.) 叫 Jiào _________________ 3.) 姓 Xìng (^) _________________ 4.) 经理 Jīnglǐ _________________

也 yě is an adverb that introduces additional information. It does this in two ways, one by introducing additional information about a subject, and the second by stating a similarity between two different subjects. So far, we have only seen the second type, but as new verbs get introduced in later lessons we will see the first type more and more. Vocabulary point: 大学生 dàxuéshēng university student is made by combining 大 dà big with 学生 xuéshēng student. On its own, 大学 dàxué means university 5.03 How is your health? - dialogue between two people of different social status 马特:

Zhāng lǎoshī ，nín hǎo! 张老师:

Nǐ hǎo！ 马特:

Nín shēntǐ hǎo ma? 张老师:

Hěn hǎo. Nǐ ne? 马特:

Yě hěn hǎo, xièxie nín. 张老师:

Zàijiàn. 马特:

Zàijiàn. Notes: 马特 Mǎtè shows his respect for 张老师 Zhāng lǎoshī by using the respectful form of the pronoun you , 您 nín , as well as by using the teacher's title, 老师 lǎoshī while speaking to her. 你呢？ Nǐ ne? can be translated as And you? Follow up questions with 呢 ne are used to ask the same question as the preceding question, but about another subject or object. Vocabulary point: 身体 shēntǐ means health. On its own, 身 shēn means body. 谢谢 xièxie means thank you. Adding a pronoun to the end makes it more polite, as in 谢谢你 xièxie nǐ. 再见 zàijiàn means good bye , although it literally means see you again. 5.04 See you tomorrow! - dialogue between two people of equal social status 莎拉:

Nǐ hǎo ma?

Wǒ hěn hǎo, nǐ ne? 马特:

Wǒ yě hěn hǎo. Míngtiān jiàn! 王军:

Míngtiān jiàn. Notes: 再见 zàijiàn is the most common way to say goodbye, it literally means "see you again". There are other ways to say goodbye used when speakers have a more or less particular time they expect to see each other again. 明天见 Míngtiān jiàn, meaning See you tomorrow , is one of these expressions. Vocabulary point: 明天 Míngtiān means tomorrow. On its own, 明 Míng means bright and is the same 明 Míng as in The Ming Dynasty. 天 tiān means sky. 5.05 The Horrors of Pronunciation 什 Shén What

Shēn Body

Shénme What

Shēntǐ Body 明 Míng Bright

Míngtiān Tomorrow

Míng Name

Míngzì Name Exercises A Transcribe the characters below into pinyin 1.) 也 _____________________

____________________

3.) 身体 _____________________

____________________

5.) 大学生 __________________

___________________

7.) 明天 __________________

B Translate the following sentences 1.) Nín shēntǐ hǎo ma? _______________________________________________________. 2.) Wáng Jūn yě shì dàxuéshēng. _______________________________________________________. 3.) Míngtiān jiàn.

6.01 He is not a.... - pronouns with negation 我不是商人。 Wǒ bú shì shāngrén. I am not a businessperson. 他不是美国人。 Tā bú shì Měiguórén. He isn't an American. 她不是老师。 Tā bú shì lǎoshī. She isn't a teacher. 我们不是留学生。 Wǒmen bú shì liúxuéshēnɡ. We are not foreign exchange students. 他们不是大学生。 Tāmen bú shì dàxuéshēng. They are not university students. Notes: 不 bù is basically the equivalent of the English word not. It is one of the two main negation words used in Chinese, the second being 没 méi , which we will take a look at in a second. 不 bù and 没 méi have different connotations, but the main difference is simply that they collocate with different verbs. Since 不 bù collocates with 是 shì we will focus on it for the time being. 6.02 I'm not German! - concept and vocabulary review dialogue A:

Nǐ hǎo！ 马特:

Nǐ hǎo！ A:

Nǐ shì Déguórén ma? 马特:

Bú shì, wǒ shì Měiɡuórén. A:

Shì ma? Nǐ shì shāngrén ma? 马特:

Bú shì, wǒ shì liúxuéshēnɡ. Notes: 是吗？ Shì ma? means Is that so? Remember that in Mandarin Chinese there is no universal way to say "yes" or "no" to a question. To respond in negative to a question you can usually add 不 bù or 没 méi plus the verb, please note though that the verb must be the same one as used in the question. In general, English speakers tend to overuse or misuse 不是 bú shì in conversations, so be careful. 6.03 Are you the teacher? - concept and apologizing for small errors

Nǐ hǎo！ 王军:

Nǐ hǎo！ 莎拉:

Nǐ shì lǎoshī ma? 王军:

Bú shì, wǒ shì xuésheng. 莎拉:

ā, duìbuqǐ! 王军:

Méiguānxi. Notes: 对不起 duìbuqǐ is a formal way for apologizing for small errors and misunderstandings, when the speaker (or someone the speaker represents) has in fact been the cause of the error. This makes it quite different from "I'm sorry", which can be used in situations in which the speaker has done nothing wrong, i.e. "I'm sorry to hear that you got the flu". Of course, the difference between 对不起 duìbuqǐ and I'm sorry is apparent if you actually look at the meaning of the two phrases. 对不起 duìbuqǐ directly translated means something like "Don't get excited" or "Don't get piqued", whereas when we say I'm sorry what we are saying, after all, is something along the lines of "This situation has caused me sorrow. I feel bad about it". Thus, I'm sorry refers back to a situation from which we can infer whether the speaker is apologizing or expressing condolence, whereas 对不起 duìbuqǐ directly refers to the attitude of the one who has been transgressed, and the wish on the part of the speaker not to be taken the wrong way. 6.04 Is that a man's name or a woman's name? 马特:

Lǐ Xuě shì nǚ míng ma? 萨拉:

Shì, Lǐ Xuě shì nǚ míng. 马特:

Wáng Jūn ne? 萨拉:

Wáng Jūn bú shì nǚ míng, shì nán míng Notes: Remember that 不 bú always precedes the verb in a sentence. Woman 女 nǚ and man 男 nán are used as complements for 名 míng, the root word for 名字 míngzi name. Be aware that it can be as hard for Chinese people to differentiate male and female names in English as it is for Westerners to differentiate male and female names in Chinese. Adding 呢 ne to the end of the sentence can be, depending on the context, an informal way to construct a question, similar to adding "And...?" to a noun to make a question.