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surveillance community medicine, Slides of Medicine

Community Medicine is about a system of delivery of comprehensive health care (preventive, promotive, curative & rehabilitative) to the people by a health team in order to improve the health of the community. It deals with population or groups rather than individual patients.

Typology: Slides

2019/2020

Uploaded on 05/25/2023

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Introduction to Surveillance
Imran Ahmed Abdulkadir
BSPH, MSc. PTH
April. 2023
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Introduction to Surveillance

Imran Ahmed Abdulkadir BSPH, MSc. PTH April. 2023

Objectives of the lecture

  • (^) By the end of this lecture students will be able

to:

  • (^) Define Surveillance
  • (^) Identify Components of a Surveillance

System

  • (^) Identify objectives and Uses of Surveillance
  • (^) List Steps of Surveillance

Surveillance

  • (^) Surveillance programmes can assume any character and dimension thus we have epidemiological surveillance, demographic surveillance, nutritional surveillance, etc.

Surveillance is Information for action

The main objectives of surveillance

  • (^) To provide information about new and changing trends in the health status of a population, e.g., morbidity, mortality, nutritional status or other indicators and environmental hazards, health practices and other factors that may affect health.
  • (^) To provide feed-back which may be expected to modify the policy and the system itself and lead to redefinition of objectives, and
  • (^) Provide timely warning of public health disasters so that interventions can be mobilized.

Types of surveillance

  • (^) The two common types of surveillance are passive and active surveillance.
  • (^) Passive surveillance
    • (^) Passive surveillance may be defined as a mechanism for routine surveillance based on passive case detection and on the routine recording and reporting system.
    • (^) The information provider comes to the health institutions for help, be it medical or other preventive and promotive health services.
    • (^) It involves collection of data as part of routine provision of health services.

Passive surveillance

  • (^) Advantages of passive surveillance
    • (^) Covers a wide range of problems
    • (^) Simple and inexpensive
    • (^) Covers a wider area
  • (^) The disadvantages of passive surveillance
    • (^) It lacks representativeness of the whole population since passive surveillance is mainly based on health institution reports.

Active surveillance

  • (^) The advantages of active surveillance
    • (^) The collected data is complete and accurate
  • (^) The disadvantages of active surveillance
    • (^) It requires good organization,
    • (^) It is expensive
    • (^) It requires skilled human power
    • (^) It is for short period of time(not a continuous process)
    • (^) It is directed towards specific disease conditions.

Conditions in which active surveillance is appropriate

  • (^) There are certain conditions where active

surveillance is appropriate. These conditions are:

  • (^) For periodic evaluation of an ongoing program
  • (^) For programs with limited time of operation

such as elimination or eradication program.

Syndromic Surveillance

  • (^) Focuses on one or more symptoms rather

than a physician-diagnosed or laboratory-

confirmed disease.

Nationally Notifiable Disease

Surveillance System (NNDSS)

  • (^) Many diseases on a state list are also

nationally notifiable.

Data Sources for Public Health Surveillance

  • (^) Reported diseases or syndromes
  • (^) Electronic health records (e.g., hospital discharge data)
  • (^) Vital records (e.g., birth and death certificates)
  • (^) Surveys (e.g., National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey [NHANES])
  • (^) Census data

Disease in the populaiton Level of disease

  • (^) Endemic : (En=in; demos=people). It refers to the constant presence of a disease or infectious agent within a given geographic area or population group; may also refer to the "usual" or expected frequency of the disease within such area or population group. (Malaria, Diarrhoeal diseases)
  • (^) Hyperendemic refers to persistent, high levels of disease occurrence.

Sporadic

  • (^) The word sporadic means scattered about.
  • (^) The cases occur irregularly, haphazardly from time to time, and generally infrequently.
  • (^) The cases are so few and separated widely in space and time that they show little or no connection with each other, nor a recognizable common source of infection, e.g., polio, tetanus, meningococcal meningitis, dengue fever and Chikungunya.
  • (^) A sporadic disease may be the starting point of an epidemic when conditions are favourable for its spread.
  • (^) Many zoonotic diseases are characterised by sporadic transmission to man.

Pandemic

  • (^) An epidemic usually affecting a large proportion of
the population, occurring over a wide geographic
area such as a section of a nation, the entire nation,
a continent or the world e.g., Coronavirus disease
(COVID-19) in 2020.
  • (^) Pandemic also refers to an epidemic that has spread
over several countries or continents, usually affecting
a large number of people.
  • (^) A worldwide epidemic.