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Keywords: stylistic analysis, language features, mending wall ... The present study will analyze Frost's poem “Mending Wall” through the.
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Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra in English Letters By KARTIKA NOVA FURYA ANGGADEWI Student Number: 164214108 DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS FACULTY OF LETTERS UNIVERSITAS SANATA DHARMA YOGYAKARTA 2020
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Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra in English Letters By KARTIKA NOVA FURYA ANGGADEWI Student Number: 164214108 DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS FACULTY OF LETTERS UNIVERSITAS SANATA DHARMA YOGYAKARTA 2020
viii This thesis is dedicated to myself, family, my partner who always supports me, and all my friends.
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TITLE PAGE ......................................................................................................... i APPROVAL PAGE ............................................................................................. iii ACCEPTANCE PAGE ........................................................................................ iv STATETMENT OF ORIGINALITY .................................................................. v LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH. vi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ................................................................................... ix TABLE OF CONTENTS ...................................................................................... x LIST OF TABLES .............................................................................................. xii ABSTRACT ...................................................................................................... xiiiii ABSTRAK ......................................................................................................... xiviv CHAPTER I ........................................................................................................... 1 A. Background of the Study .............................................................................. 1 B. Problem Formulation .................................................................................... 4 C. Objectives of the Study ................................................................................. 4 D. Definition of Terms ...................................................................................... 5 CHAPTER II ......................................................................................................... 7 A. Review of Related Studies ........................................................................... 7 B. Review of Related Theories ....................................................................... 13
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No. Table Page 1 Table 1. Alliterations that are found in the poem “Mending Wall” 37 2 Table 2. Assonances that are found in the poem “Mending Wall” 39 3 Table 3. Consonances that are found in the poem “Mending Wall” 42 4 Table 4. Rhymes that are found in the poem “Mending Wall” 44 5 Table 5. Contractions that are found in the poem “Mending Wall” 46 6 Table 6. Direct Speech that are found in the poem “Mending Wall” 47 7 Table 7. Dashes that are found in the poem “Mending Wall” 48 8 Table 8. Tenses that are found in the poem “Mending Wall” 49 9 Table 9. Rhetorical devices that are found in the poem “Mending Wall”
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IN ROBERT FROST’S “MENDING WALL”. Yogayakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Universitas Sanata Dharma. Literary work always has a meaning, especially poem. Through the meaning, particular issues can be discussed into deeper analysis. Therefore, for that reason, the researcher focuses on the stylistic analysis in Robert Frost’s poem entitled “Mending Wall”. Stylistic analysis is used to find out the language features that exist in the poems and establish the meaning that can be obtained from the language features. There are two research problems in this research: What are language features used in Robert Frost’s “Mending Wall” and How are the use of language features reveal the meaning of the poem. The first problem is answered using stylistics approach. The poems were analyzed based on four language levels: phonology, graphology, grammatical, and semantics. The second problem was answered by connecting the language features with the poem. The findings in the research are the answers of the research problems. In phonological level, alliteration, consonance, assonance, and eye-rhyme are used to highlight important words. In Graphological level, contractions are used to keep the number of syllables on each line, punctuations: period, coma, semi colon, and colon are used to separate lines, and apostrophe is used to indicate direct speech. In grammatical level present tense is used the most to give the feeling of the poem. In semantic level, metaphor, simile, symbol, and imagery carry the poem’s meaning. The four language features are link to each other to deliver the meaning of the poem that is conflict and relationship in human’s life. From the four language features, semantic features contribute the most in constructing the meaning. Keywords : stylistic analysis, language features, mending wall
Background of the Study Literary work is self-expression, which deals with words as the root to create a picture and an idea. According to Moddy, literary works have four functions, they are 1) to train four language skills; 2) to add knowledge about human life experience such as customs, religion, culture, and so on. It develops character buildings to the readers or audience; 3) to develop creation and feeling; 4) to support character building (1984, p. 5). Creative writing is one of the genres in literary works. The examples of creative writing are novels, short stories, and poems. Since creative writing has no boundaries. Creative writing usually represents the author’s point of view of certain events, for example, William Blake’s poetry. Blake used to live in the Industrial Revolution; the Industrial Revolution was a great change in history. However, Blake felt that Industrial Revolution caused more harm than good. During the Industrial Revolution, children were forced to work as labors and there was a high intensity of discrimination happened. Blake expressed his hatred toward the Industrial Revolution through his book’s “ Song of Experience ” which bluntly tells about the harm caused by Industrial Revolution. Literary work also reflects the author’s experience. A poem entitled “Red Wheelbarrow” by William Carlos William is one of the examples. William was a doctor in northern New Jersey. One of his patients that suffered from serious disease became an inspiration to write the poem.
Studying literary works is necessary to get a better understanding about the works and give an appreciation to the authors. Literary works can be studied from its style. Authors have their style of writing to convey particular meaning or interpretation to the reader. According to Wales, style refers to the perceived distinctive manner of expression in writing or speaking (2011, p. 397). However, style in linguistics is how the author or writer way of thinking in assembling the words in literary works. Style in linguistics explains that the language of poetry has its characteristics such as it may flout the grammatical rule, it has a particular sound pattern, and it has unique graphology. In the literary text, stylistics aims at proving how language style can construct meanings, so that appreciation of literary works is not merely based on assumption (Isti'anah, 2017). Therefore, stylistics is applied to analyzed literary works. According to Widdownson, stylistics is the study of literary discourse from a linguistic orientation (1975). Addition, stylistics defined as the analysis of distinctive expression in language and the description of its purpose and effect (Verdonk, 2002, p. 4). In short, stylistics is the study of style scientifically. It is added “Style leads to the structure, patterns, and arrangement of words to form sentences in spoken or written form” (Leech, 1989). In conclusion, stylistics is an analysis of style linguistically through the structures and words arrangement to find out its purpose and effect. In this research, the researcher applies four language features of analysis. To be specific, this research aims to analyze the phonological level, graphological level, grammatical level, and semantic level of a poem and the use of those features
The present study will analyze Frost’s poem “Mending Wall” through the language features to reveal the deeper meaning of the poem. Therefore, this research uses a specific study as theoretical backgrounds. Stylistic approach is used in this present study. Stylistics in this research aims to show the language features used in the poem “Mending Wall” and find out how those features used to reveal the meaning of the poem. Problem Formulation Two problems are discussed in the study. The problems are presented as the following:
Definition of Terms This section will clarify the definition of terms that are applied in the research. The terms are overwhelmed stylistic, language features, and poem. The first terminology is stylistics. According to Leech and Short, stylistics defined as the linguistic study of style (2007). Therefore, stylistics can be said as a branch in linguistics, which study, about style in language text. The second terminology is language features. Features, as described in linguistics, is a term used to refer to any typical or noticeable property of spoken or written language (Crystal, 2008). Therefore, language features can be defined as a term used to refer the properties in literary work. Stated by Simpson, there are seven levels of language features that can be studied, those are phonology, graphology, morphology, syntax/grammar, lexical analysis, semantic, and pragmatics (2004, p. 5). All features in language work together to create specific meaning of a poem. In short, language features are functioned as ways for authors to deliver the messages of the literary works they have made. The third terminology is poem. , Poem is a piece of writing in which the words are chosen for their sound and images they suggest, not just for their obvious meaning. The words are arranged in separate lines, usually with a repeated rhythm, and often the lines rhyme at the end (2015, p. 1146). Added, poem is a piece of poetry communicating to the reader the sense of a complete experience (Webster's New Collegiate Dictionary , 1981, p. 879). Poem is creative writing. Therefore, it can be said that a poem is one of the literary works whose role is as the
The following sub-chapters cover review of related studies, review of related theories, and theoretical framework. The review and theoretical are beneficial to give some basis for the analysis in the subsequent chapters. Previous studies by other researchers in stylistics are shown in review of related studies to give the understanding that the present study is beneficial. Review of related theories will review some theories that are relevant to the study. In the theoretical framework, it will explain the contribution of the theories and reviews in solving the problem of the present study. A. Review of Related Studies There are five studies from the other researchers that contribute to the present study. Those studies will help the researchers to develop ideas and give a better understanding of the topic of the present study. The first study entitled Stylistic Analysis of the poem “ The Onset” by Robert Frost by Bari Khan, Raffique, and Saddique (2014). There are two analysis in this study. First, the study aims to analyze the language features in the poem “The Onset”. Second, it aims to elucidate the theme of the poem through its diction, imagery and sound devices. The analysis will help to comprehend the basic themes; those are conflict between good and evil, pessimism and optimism, and life and death. To analyze the data, the researchers use stylistic approach since stylistics is
capable to be applied in literary text. The researcher focuses on analyzing the data through semantics and phonological. First is the poetic devices; those are symbolism, imagery, simile, metaphor, and hyperbole. Second is the sound devices; those are alliteration, consonance, assonance, and rhyme scheme. The contribution of the study to the present study lies on the analysis in revealing the deeper meaning of the poem. In semantics level, Frost uses symbols to represent ideas indirectly. In the poem “night” symbolizes as sadness, “dark woods” symbolizes the evil and mystery of life, and “snow” symbolizes as death. Other than imagery is also used in the poem to represent sense of experience through language. Frost uses two comparison in the poem, simile and metaphor. Simile is an indirect comparison where metaphor is direct comparison. Last, Frost uses hyperbole to exaggerate of detail truth. In phonological level, alliteration, consonance, and assonance are found to give the harmonious in the poem. The rhyme in the poem consists of different rhyme scheme in each stanza. In conclusion, the poem “The Onset” is not merely talk about the seasons but it is has deeper meaning about life and death. The theme of the poem can be foreground through the diction, symbols, imagery, and metaphors. This study and the present study both share the similarities, which is the data and the analysis. Both studies use poem by Robert Frost and analyze the language features of a poem. However, this study only focus on two language features that are semantic level and phonological level, meanwhile the present study discusses the data from four language levels; phonological level, graphological
syllables. Tone modulation occurs to catch the attention of readers to focus on the imagery. In lexico-syntactic the analysis highlights that Frost uses polysemy (natural layer) to choose the words. Frost also uses Anglo-Saxon vocabulary that shows the brevity and correctness. Last, Frost shows the cleaver use of antonym such as lovely-dark and woods-frozen lake. The denotation, Frost uses symbolism to support the meaning of the poem. Some of the symbols are woods symbolizes as nature, snow and sleep symbolizes as death, and village symbolizes as society and civilization. Other than that, Frost uses metaphor and personification. The last feature is grammatical level, Frost uses first person pronoun many times, which shows the personal involvement of the author’s life experience. He also uses pronoun “He” and “His” to show the power of God. Continuously, Frost uses many nouns to differentiate images and symbols. The verbs in the poem are divided into four categories; those are mental cognitive verb, behavioral process verb, material process verb, and verbal process verb. In conclusion, Frost uses combination of different stylistic devices to make the poem lyrical. The symbols in the poem help to show atmosphere and environment in the poem are very terrible; it creates sense of death and despair. Hasmi’s study and this study share similarities and differences. Both studies are similar in terms of the data: they analyze poem as their data with the same author. Both study also analyze the language features of poem. However, the study of Hasmi tries to know the theme of the poem through the language features. Meanwhile in present study, the researcher tries to observe the purpose of the
language features to reveal the meaning of the poem. Therefore, the studies are different in terms of the use of language features. The third study is written by Xenia entitled A Stylistic Analysis of Maya Angelou’s “Still I Rise” and “Caged Bird” (2015). The researcher focuses on two objectives. The first is to describe what language features are employed to develop the themes in the poem “Still I Rise” and “Caged Bird”. The second is to find out the different language features used in each poem to develop the same theme that is about Black oppression and survival. The researcher analyzes four language levels that are phonological level, graphological level, grammatical level, and lexical level. The contribution of this study for the present study lies on the analysis. In phonological level, the language feature can be seen through rhyme and sound pattering (alliteration, assonance, and consonance). In graphological level, there is inconsistency of numbering lines in stanzas. In grammatical level, the researcher finds different clauses, parallel structures, and prepositional phrases in both poems that deliver the theme of black oppression. In lexical level, both poems have various repeated pronouns, words choice, metaphors, and similes. In result, the researcher finds out that both poems use different language features to develop the same theme; black oppression and survival. Both Xenia’s study and present study use poem as the data and stylistics as the approach. The difference lies on the analysis of the poem. Xenia’ study tries to find out different language features that develop the same theme, while the
