Study notes of psychopathology, Study notes of Psychopathology

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Bipolar Disorder Symptoms Causes ADHD Symptoms Causes

B I O L O G I C A L Y C H O L O G I C

The symptoms of ADHD can vary from person to person, but they typically fall into one of 3 categories: inattention, hyperactivity, an impulsivity. B I O L O G I C A L Inattention symptoms may include: -Difficulty sustaining attention on tasks or activities, especially those that require mental effort

• Making careless mistake s in schoolwork, work, or other activities
• Difficulty with organization and planning tasks
• Avoiding tasks that require sustained mental effort , such as homework or paperwork
• Frequently losing things , such as keys, phone, or other important items -Being easily distracted by external stimuli
• Forgetfulness in daily activities

Bipolar Disorder Causes Stressful life events Poor social support Certain Personality traits Cognitive Styles Interpersonal Relationships ADHD Causes Genes - Family members with mood disorders hig tendency Neurotransmitters: Norepinephrine Dopamine GABA (Gamma-aminobutyric acid) Glutamate Serotonin Hormones Thyroxine levels are also imp factor An important Neuroendocrine system Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis is implicated in chronic stress which is linked to depression Twin studies show a substantial genetic contribution as well as environmental influence Circadian Rhythm disturabances - Manic episodes precipitated by loss of sleep

Genetics : ADHD tends to run in families, suggesting that there may be a genetic component to the disorder. Research has identified several genes that may be associated with an increased risk of ADHD. Brain structure and function : Studies have found differences in the brain structure and function of people with ADHD compared to those without the disorder. These differences are thought to affect the regulation of attention, behavior, and emotions. Neurotransmitters - Norepinephrine deficiency

Treatment Treatment Pharmacology:

• Mood Stabilisers - Lithium
• Antidepressants: Tricyclic antidepressants and Serotonin Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors (SNRIs) increase serotonin and norepinephrine. But they have severe side effects. Less effective is Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors SSRIs e.g. Prozac When medications are ineffective : Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) Deep Brain Simulation Bright Light Therapy Psychotherapy : CBT Interpersonal therapy Psychodynamic Therapy Family focused Therapy Supportive Therapy Psychoeducation Regualar daily routines and Sleep schedules

Medication: Stimulant medications such as methylphenidate and amphetamines are often used to treat ADHD. These medications help to improve focus and attention, reduce hyperactivity and impulsivity, and improve academic and occupational performance. Non-stimulant medications such as atomoxetine may also be used for ADHD treatment. Behavioral therapy: Behavioral therapy can help individuals with ADHD develop coping strategies and improve their social skills, academic and occupational performance, and overall functioning. Examples of behavioral therapy include cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), social skills training, and parent training. CBT

• Behavior Modification
• Assertive Training (assertiveness in communication, relationships)
• Motivation --> i)Goal-setting: Individuals work with their therapist to identify specific, achievable goals that they would like to work towards. These goals can provide a clear sense of direction and purpose, and can help individuals stay motivated throughout the therapeutic process. ii) Self-efficacy: Individuals are encouraged to build their confidence and belief in their ability to achieve their goals. This can involve practicing new skills, learning from past successes, and celebrating small victories along the way. iii) Positive reinforcement: Individuals are praised and encouraged for their progress, which can help reinforce positive changes and encourage continued effort. iv) Problem-solving: Individuals are encouraged to identify and overcome obstacles that may be standing in the way of their progress. This can involve developing new coping strategies, modifying unhelpful thoughts and behaviors, and seeking support from others.