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this is english essay for student who self study
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Baby p.m this afternoon " trial if the jury can understand the testimony of his next expert witness they will undoubtedly find the defendant not guilty when it s all said and done. he s also aware that the entire aids industry is based on the statements he is about to challenge; and if he can do this right he can bring down their whole house of cards. armand knows this too, and although he tried to engage dr. tanner with it this morning in his cross - examination he knows he didn t do a very good job. search is even aware that something big is about to happen she can feel it the make-or-break point like that ace of spades that she thought amand must have up his sleeve last week. funny thing, though; it s campbell that s going to pull it out. " i d like to call dr. judith burgess. " a young woman looks like she s in her late twenties with short-cropped blonde hair and a stylish light-blue pants suit makes her way to the witness stand. when she s settled in, campbell begins his questions. " dr. burgess your doctorate is a ph.d. and not an m.d.? " " correct. i received my ph.d through the philosophy department at michigan state university. " " and you are teaching at the moment? " " yes, i teach logic ethics and science and values at demson university, just down the wad from here. " campbell grabs some papers from his table. " dr. burgess, i d like to read you a couple statements being made by various people in the aids industry. if i could, and then i want to ask you some questions about the logic behind those statements more so than the science. " " go ahead, mr. campbell. " he looks at his notes. " here s a quote from one of the leading aids doctors on the internet dr. becky kuhn that she emailed me one day. it says an error or false positive on one of the hiv tests will be corrected on one or more of the other tests, making the tests 99% accurate when combined together. " " okay. " apparently that s all burgess is about to say at this point so campbell continues. " the other comes from the cdc the centers for disease control and prevention who say, ...the use of repeatedly reactive eneyme immunoassay followed by confirmatory western blot or immunofluorescent assay remains the standard method for diagnosing hiv-1 infection. " " alright " campbell had anticipated a little more of a response from this witness. did i make a mistake choosing burgess for this job? too late now. " dr. burgess we ve heard a lot of testimony over the past couple of weeks about a myriad of problems with the hiv elisa test and the hiv western blot test and there has been very little if any, dispute about the facts that have been presented. in fact the only real response anyone in the aids industry seems to have is what i just read you; that any problems that we have brought up are all solved when the alisa and western blot tests are combined together that a positive western blot after two positive elisas confirms that a person is hiv-positive in your expert opinion would that be true? " " that depends mr. campbell to put this into logical terms their conclusion is that western blot test is able to confirm the elisa test have i got that right? " " yes i would say so. " " then it depends on what comes before this statement on which the premise relies. for example has the elisa test been proven to be accurate by some independent tests other than the western blot? " " no, it hasn t according to our expert witnesses. " " well has the western blot been proven to be accurate by some independent tests other than the elisa? " " no, it hasn t again
Baby according to our expert witnesses. " " are the two tests entirely different in what they are testing for? " " no, they aren t the testimony has been that they ve virtually identical tests. both are antibody tests looking for reactions to the same proteins. " " then it s simple they can t make the statment that one test can confirm the other mr. campbell or to put it another way, it they do make this statement it violates all values of logic and therefore is highly unlikely to be true not impossible but highly unlikely. " search could see the relief in campbell s face and she was also impressed that the witness had refrained from giving her opinion until she had all the necessary facts a point that was probably not lost on the jury, either " exactly what rules of logic dr. burgess? " okay, let s do this campbell thinks. " it s called begging the question but it s sometimes referred to as circular reasoning. both are called fallacies of logic. " campbell hadn t planned on going this deep, but burgess had brought it up and now he had to make it dear to the jury. " is there a difference between the two? " " technically yes although both terms are used interchangeably these days. in this case what the cdc and dr. kuhn are saying violates both " she s obviously just out of school, well-educated, but as often in the case armed with almost too much knowledge campbell realizes. i ll have to be careful not to lose the jury. " would you explain one of these fallacies please dr. burgess? " " suerly. let s take circular reasoning. in circular reasoning. there is only one premise and the conclusion is simply a restatement of that premise it s like saying a is b therefore a is b. or i like vanilla ice cream because it s my favorite kind or someone might ask, what makes you think football is the most exciting sport in the would? and get answer because it is. in this particular case they ve saying that the elisa is correct because the western blot says it is and that can taht can t be logical unless the two tests were independent and one or both had been