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Justin is a highly unintelligible 4 - year-old boy. He has difficulties producing /w/, /t/, /d/, and /th/. If you were to treat him using a least phonological knowledge approach, your first target sound in therapy would be: - ✔✔/th/ Patients who exhibit have difficulty making nonspeech sounds, and cannot move the muscles of the throat, soft palate, and tongue for nonspeech purposes: - ✔✔oral apraxia In otitis media, the infection continues over a long period and the tympanic membrane is permanently ruptured. - ✔✔chronic Examples of secondary stuttering include... - ✔✔quivering of the nostrils hard blinking Danielle's father is concerned because her peers in preschool make fun of her speech. Danielle has normal receptive language and enjoys conversing with others. You share with her father that a 4-year-old child should be % intelligible - ✔✔ 90 - 100%
When carcinoma affects the cricoid and trachea, the damage is.... - ✔✔subglottic In the early stages of Alzheimer's disease, the patient has more... - ✔✔cognition problems > language problems A patient arrives at an acute care hospital in order to have open heart surgery. After the surgery he complains about change in vocal quality and the SLP is consulted. He presents with an excessively high-pitched voice. What is the most likely cause of his change in vocal quality? - ✔✔Damage of the left recurrent laryngeal nerve (part of Cranial Nerve 10) during surgery. Do normal adults aspirate during swallow? - ✔✔Yes. Everyone aspirates without realizing it, a little each day. Social interactionist theorists believe that... - ✔✔the structure of human language may have arisen from language's social communicative function in human relations Which of the following characteristics distinguish autism from Aperger's syndrome? - ✔✔Lower IQ and lower language skills in autism; the reverse in Asperger's syndrome
A speech-language pathologist is holding a conference with the family of a 16 - year-old girl with severe language-learning disabilities. The girl reads at a 3rd-grade level and has been in special education placements since 1st-grade. The speech-language pathologist tells the family, in a kind way, that their goal of their daughter attending medical school is unattainable. The family lashes out in anger against the speech-language pathologist, saying that he is wrong, pessimistic, and negative about their daughter and her abilities. In this situation, the family is utilizing which defense mechanism? - ✔✔Displacement Which term describes a child's ability to mentally sort speech stimuli or remember what he or she has heard? - ✔✔Auditory memory In Oller's stages of infant phonological development, reduplicated babbling precedes which of the following? - ✔✔Nonreduplicated or variegated babbling What is the procedure that uses a pulsing light to permit the optical illusion of slow-motion viewing of the vocal folds? - ✔✔Stroboscopy
True or False? Some forms of dementia are reversible, especially in their early stages. - ✔✔True. True or False? In right hemisphere syndrome, language is more severely impaired than communication. - ✔✔False. With a typically developing child who speaks English as a second language, approximately how long does it take for basic interpersonal communication skills (BICS) to develop to a level commensurate with that of native English speakers? - ✔✔2 years Which one of the following is a homophonous pair? sheep--beep man--ban pan--fan honey-- money list--gist - ✔✔man--ban It would be considered ethical for a speech-language pathologist to do which of the following? - ✔✔Make a reasonable statement of prognosis when the husband of a woman with aphasia asks about his wife's potential for improvement
fasciculations (tremors) of the tongue and some general facial weakness. What is the first thing you do? - ✔✔Refer him to a neurologist for an evaluation A kindergarten teacher refers Tomiko to you for a speech-language screening. Tomiko's first language is Japanese, and she has been exposed to English for 8 months in school. The teacher is concerned because he thinks that Tomiko "has a speech problem." Which one of the following patterns (in English) would you not expect to find in a student who speaks Japanese? - ✔✔Substitution of t/k (e.g., tea/key) What is the muscle that exerts the pull that allows the Eustachian tube to open during yawning and swallowing? - ✔✔the Tensor palatini Functional communicative behaviors are... - ✔✔behaviors that promote communication in natural settings Which of the following statements is false regarding Public Law 99 - 457? A. It increased federal support for services to children with disabilities 3 to 6 years of age and provided funding for infants and toddlers. B. It requires the development of individualized family service plans. C. It allows at-risk preschool children (not just those with documented disabilities) to be eligible for special education services. D. It requires states to report preschool children by disability
category. E. It was intended to provide early intervention that would reduce the number of children requiring special education services in later years. - ✔✔D. is false Broad phonemic transcription involves which of the following? - ✔✔The use of IPA symbols to transcribe phonemes by enclosing them within slash marks (e.g., /f/) Which of the following is an example of an entity + locative? - ✔✔Juice [in] glass What are the cartilages that are cone-shaped and are located under the mucous membrane that covers the aryepiglottic folds called? - ✔✔Cuneiforms Which of the following primarily vibrate and produce sound in the larynx? - ✔✔the internal thyroarytenoids (or the thyrovocalis) Nicole, a voice major, is having problems raising the pitch of her voice. Her speech-language pathologist recommends that she lengthen and tense her vocal folds to increase her pitch. Which muscle is involved in achieving this goal? - ✔✔Cricothyroid
A clinician is gathering a language sample from a child who says, "The book was read by the boy." This is an example of what type of sentence? - ✔✔Passive Fast mapping - ✔✔The ability to learn a new word on the basis of just a few exposures to it (JCQ) According to Halliday, what are four of the seven functions of communicative intent that develop between 9 and 18 months of age? - ✔✔1. Heuristic 2. imaginative 3. interactional 4. personal Approximately when is the past tense regular - ed mastered by typically developing children? - ✔✔ 24 to 26 months (about age of 2 y) In June, you are asked to assess the language skills of Tony, a boy with Down syndrome. He is 4 years 9 months old, and his parents tell you that they want him to begin kindergarten in September when he turns 5. You assess Tony's receptive and expressive language skills, and you find that he has an average mean length of utterance of 3.0. He has an expressive vocabulary of 300 words. He over-regularizes past tense inflections and sustains a topic of conversation
approximately 20% of the time. What do you tell Tony's parents? - ✔✔Tony's language skills are generally commensurate (equal to or proportional with) with those of a 2- to 3-year-old child, and starting kindergarten in September would be difficult for him. The concrete operations stage as delineated by Piaget states that the child - ✔✔employs logical causality Those professionals who conduct language treatment according to the principles of the behavioral theory do what? A. Focus treatment sessions around Vygotsky's principles B. Assess cognitive precursors to language and facilitate the development of those precursors C. Focus treatment on auditory processing skills D. Believe that language can be taught by targeting any observable behavior and manipulating the elements of a stimulus, a response, and reinforcement E. Focus on increasing children's syntactic skills - ✔✔D. Believe that language can be taught by targeting any observable behavior and manipulating the elements of a stimulus, a response, and reinforcement Which problems might you expect to be associated with children who come from homes containing neglect, abuse, or both? - ✔✔Mothers' reluctance to engage/interact with their infants
percentile, and standard deviation. B. All standardized tests sample subjects, but few sample all segments of the population. C. Standardized tests, even if they sample subjects adequately, tend to sample individual behaviors inadequately. D. Many standardized child language tests do not adequately sample and represent students from linguistically and culturally diverse backgrounds. - ✔✔All of the above are characteristics. Discrete trial procedure - ✔✔Is the most researched procedure, and is useful in establishing target behaviors, but it may not promote generalization to natural settings. You have been asked to supervise a student clinician who has never worked in an early intervention setting before. The clinician has assessed many elementary-age children but has no experience assessing the language skills of infants and toddlers. As you instruct this student, which of the following would you not recommend to her in testing infants and toddlers? - ✔✔I would not recommend: to avoid working with a multidisciplinary team because that may only confuse and distract the child. What would be the best task a clinician could use to assess a school-age child's morphological skills? - ✔✔Evoke grammatical features by telling a story through relevant pictures, and then ask the child to use the pictures to retell the story.
Laura, a 14 - year-old girl, is referred to you by her teachers at the middle school. On the referral form, the teachers indicate that Laura seems to have "excellent grammar but has problems defining words and understanding idioms; also, Laura uses many words like thing and stuff; she has difficulty finding the exact word she needs." What kinds of skills would you target for assessment? - ✔✔Semantic skills The therapy technique of phonetic placement is used to teach or establish which of the following? - ✔✔Production of a phoneme in isolation A speech-language pathologist's role in tongue thrust or oral myofunctional therapy currently may include which of the following? A. None; speech-language pathologists do not work with those clients. B. Working as a consultant to a dentist, orthodontist, and physician, but not being a part of the actual team that provides services. C. Evaluating and treating the effects of orofacial myofunctional disorders on swallowing, rest postures, and speech. D. Recommending specific orthodontic treatment for children with dental problems related to tongue thrust. E. Helping orthodontists decide how long children with tongue thrust-related speech problems should wear braces. - ✔✔C. Evaluating and treating the effects of orofacial myofunctional disorders on swallowing, rest postures, and speech.
✔✔E. McCabe and Bradley's multiple phoneme approach is based on the assumption that the syllable, not the isolated phoneme, is the basic unit of speech production and thus therapy should begin at the syllable level. When two vowel sounds are combined (e.g., /ei/ in shake and lace), a continuous change in the shape of the vocal tract occurs. These sounds are called - ✔✔diphthongs The phoneme /k/ sounds the same perceptually to the listener; however, it is produced in a slightly different manner in the words kitten, bucket, and cook. These variations of the /k/ phoneme are called - ✔✔allophones A professor of phonetics explains to her undergraduate students that the /p/, /b/, /t/, /d/, /k/, and /g/ phonemes are - ✔✔stops (plosives) The /z/ in zoo is produced by severely constricting the oral cavity and then forcing the air through it, creating a hissing or friction-type of noise. When a person is using this manner of articulation, he/she is using - ✔✔fricatives A silent prolongation is - ✔✔the same as an articulatory posture without voicing
Select the statement that is true of the response cost method. A. A token is given for every fluent speech production. B. Twenty tokens are given for good speech at the beginning of the treatment session. C. A token is presented for each utterance that is produced at a reduced rate of speech. D. The fluent productions are counted during treatment, and the same number of tokens are given at the end of the session. E. A token is given for each fluent production, and one is withdrawn for each dysfluency. - ✔✔Answer: E. A token is given for each fluent production, and one is withdrawn for each dysfluency. You would diagnose a disorder of fluency (stuttering) when the dysfluencies in speech reach - ✔✔5% of the words spoken In correctly administering the pause-and-talk (timeout) procedure to reduce stuttering, what would you do immediately following a stutter? - ✔✔Give a signal to stop talking, avoid eye contact for 5 seconds, reestablish the eye contact, and then ask the client to continue. What have studies on the incidence and prevalence of stuttering shown? - ✔✔Stuttering is evident in most (if not all) societies studied
A specialist uses a bright light source and a small, round 21-25 mm mirror angled on a long slender handle to lift the velum and press gently against her patient's posterior pharyngeal wall. Next, the specialist maneuvers the mirror to view the laryngeal structures during quiet respiration and while the patient is producing "eeee." This procedure is known as - ✔✔indirect laryngoscopy A thrombus is a - ✔✔stationary blood clot that blocks the flow of blood You are developing a treatment plan for a 30-year-old man who sustained traumatic brain injury in an auto accident. Premorbidly, this man had excellent language skills; he had a graduate degree in linguistics and was a college lecturer. Among several others, which set of goals and procedures would you select in treating this person? - ✔✔I would give such signals as "listen carefully," "I am going to say something different now," and "pay attention to what I am about to say" to improve attention to communication. What is true about Broca's aphasia? - ✔✔It is often, though not always, caused by damage to Brodman's areas 44 and 45. A 70 - year-old man who recently had a single left hemisphere stroke has been referred to you. The referring neurologist suggested possible damage to Broca's area and the surrounding
tissue. Your initial conversation reveals an impaired oral sensation and a general awareness of his problems. The patient spoke at a deliberately slow rate; he made many speech errors that were highly variable; his automatic speech was relatively unaffected; and he often substituted voiceless speech sounds for voiced ones. What would be your suspected diagnosis and assessment strategy for this patient? - ✔✔Suspecting apraxia of speech, I would assess in detail speech production problems, including imitated, evoked, and repetitive productions of phonemes, syllables, shorter and longer words, phrases, and sentences, as well as automatic and spontaneous productions, and so forth. Because of improved treatment for HIV infection, patients are now living longer. However, as they live longer, some are prone to dementia due to that infection. Select the statement that is true of the AIDS dementia complex. - ✔✔The onset is slow, but deterioration is rapid in the final stages; tremors, seizures, gait problems, facial nerve paralysis, incontinence, and confusion, depression, hallucinations, delusions, and mutism in the final stage characterize the AIDS dementia complex. Repetition skills are better preserved in - ✔✔transcortical motor aphasia Select the statement that is true of conduction aphasia... - ✔✔It is characterized by good syntax, prosody, and articulation.
