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construction drawings and sketches for simple rural houses including toilet installations,. ✓ Set out foundations, walls, and sewer tanks,. ✓ Transfer and ...
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Setting out construction works 5
The purpose of this Learning Unit is to enable a rural mason to read and interpret simple construction drawings and sketches for rural housing projects and to mark out rural houses.
By the end of this Learning Unit the rural mason should be able to: Read and interpret construction drawings and sketches for simple rural houses including toilet installations, Set out foundations, walls, and sewer tanks, Transfer and maintain levels when carrying out masonry works.
Rural houses have diverse designs, and it is therefore important that a rural mason can
Setting out construction works 7
Unlike sketches, building drawings are presented at a specific scale. When preparing a set of work drawings it is not possible to draw the building elements at full size. Therefore the drawings are reduced proportionally to a size allowing it to fit on conveniently sized drawing paper. This reduction process is called scaling. The extent to which the drawings have been reduced from their real size is clearly marked on the drawing. For example, a scale of 1:100 means 1cm on the drawing represents 100cm of the object in real terms.
All dimensions should be precisely indicated on the drawing irrespective of the scale. In house construction the most common units of measure are metres, centimetres or millimetres. Dimensions on drawings are usually only meant to be read, not measured.
The plan is the view seen when looking directly down from above. It provides information about:
8 Training rural masons
It is often necessary to show the details of a building that are normally hidden. To do this it is necessary to imagine that it has been sliced through or sectioned. The position of a section is indicated on the plan using a section line.
A section view differs from an elevation, as it shows the details through the construction. It can provide information about:
10 Training rural masons
This section explains how a rural mason can set out the works as per sketches and drawings.
Summary
Setting out is bringing the dimensions from a plan to the real situation. The activity consists of establishing the exact location and measurements of the house to be built.
Setting out the building perimeter
The first activity of setting out is to clear the ground of any debris, vegetation and other obstructions. Ideally the ground should be level, although in hilly areas houses can also be constructed on slopes.
Before starting construction works it is necessary to know the exactly location and size of the house. Therefore, the exact position of the corners of the house is defined and marked on the ground. This is usually done by fixing reference points outside the actual perimeter of the building From these reference points it is always possible to re-measure and check the exact position of the foundation and walls.
According to the measurements on the construction plan the building is set out with stone or brick pedestals that indicate the exact position of the centrelines of the walls.
When facilitating the work process described in this worksheet the following approach is recommended:
Setting out construction works 11
Worksheet Activity: Setting out a right angle
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Work method: Ensuring right angles (90 degrees) is important when setting out the initial perimeter of the house. This can easily be achieved using the 3:4:5 triangle method. A triangle, which has sides of length 3 metres, 4 metres and 5 metres, will always have a right angle between the 3-metre side and the 4-metre side. One can therefore construct a right angle using only a tape measure as follows:
Labour:
Tools:
Material:
Quality checkpoints:
Setting out construction works 13
Worksheet Activity: Setting out the building perimeter
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Work method:
Labour:
Tools:
Material:
Quality checkpoints:
14 Training rural masons
This section explains how to:
Summary
Transferring and checking levels is a frequently recurrent activity that a rural mason needs to master. The water tube level is an effective tool for transferring or checking levels over longer distances and around corners. For masonry activities the spirit level in combination with a straight edge is more suitable.
Transferring and checking levels
The water tube level is a simple and ideal instrument to transfer and check levels on smaller building sites. Accurate measurements are possible, for example when lintels have to be set on the same level, or when the floors have to be cast on the same level one can mark the levels along the wall using the water tube.
For checking levels when carrying out masonry works the use of a spirit level is best suited, especially in combination with a straight edge.
16 Training rural masons
Worksheet Activity: Transferring levels using a water tube level
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Work method:
Labour:
Tools:
Material: None
Quality checkpoints: Use a transparent water tube without any kinks or other damages.