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Sensation
The encoding of external stimuli by sensory neurons TERM 2
Perception
DEFINITION 2 The processing of sensory input into a coherent perception TERM 3
Psychophysics
DEFINITION 3 Measuring the relationship between the PHYSICS of a timulus and the PERCEPTION of that stimulusBy understanding the physics of the stimulus, and the precise perception of that stimulus, then the stimulus and the perception can be related. TERM 4
Threshold
DEFINITION 4 Determining the minimum stimulus intensity at which a subject can still detect a stimulus TERM 5
Absolute Threshold
DEFINITION 5 The smallest amount of energy required to detect a stimulus (Detection)
Difference Threshold
The smallest difference in energy required to detect a difference between 2 stimuli (Discrimination) TERM 7
Method of Limits
DEFINITION 7 Start with a stimulus that is undetectable, and gradually increase intensity until the subject detects it TERM 8
Method of Adjustment
DEFINITION 8 Start with a stimulus that is undetectable, and gradually increase intensity until the subject detects it TERM 9
Method of Constant
Stimuli
DEFINITION 9 Stimuli with different intensities are presented in random order a number of times TERM 10
Psychometric Function
DEFINITION 10 A function relating stimulus "intensity" to performance
Cone Photoreceptors
- Chromatic- Not very light Sensitive- Largely Foveal - 5 million- Day Vision- High Acuity TERM 17
The Retina
DEFINITION 17 "Inside out" Organization- Feedforward Receptors, Bipolar, Ganglion- Lateral Horizontal, Amacrine TERM 18
Optic
Chiasm
DEFINITION 18 The optic chiasm or optic chiasma is the part of the brain where the optic nerves partially cross. TERM 19
The Visual Cortex
DEFINITION 19 The occipital lobe is largely responsible for visual processingHowever... Roughly 1/2 of the human brain is responsible for processing visual informationMost information enters the visual cortex via the Primary Visual Cortex TERM 20
Retinotopy
DEFINITION 20 'Primary Visual Cortex'A map of visiual space is maintained in the PVC
Feature Detectors
Neurons in PVC respond selectively to basic visual features such as orientation and size TERM 22
Higher Visual Processing
DEFINITION 22
- Ventral Stream"What" PathwayObject Identification2. Dorsal Stream"Where" PathwayVision for Action TERM 23
The Fusiform Face Area (FFA)
DEFINITION 23 Responds best to faces TERM 24
The Parahippocampal Place Area (PPA)
DEFINITION 24 Responds best to places TERM 25
Superior Temporal Sulcus: STS
DEFINITION 25 Responds best to Biological Motion
Gestalt Grouping Rules
A set of organizational principles the visual system follows to parse the figure from the background TERM 32
Gestalt Laws
DEFINITION 32
- Laws of Closure2. Law of Similarity3. Law of Good Continuation4. Law of Proximity5. Law of Common Fate TERM 33
Law of Closure
DEFINITION 33 Contours in an object are completed by the brain to create a closed form TERM 34
Law of Simliarity
DEFINITION 34 Objects similar to one another are grouped together TERM 35
Law of Good Continuation
DEFINITION 35 Lines and contours are percieved as continuing over space
Law of Proximity
Objects that are closer together are grouped together TERM 37
Law of Common Fate
DEFINITION 37 Elements that move together are percieved as belonging together TERM 38
Face Processing
DEFINITION 38 Faces are considered a "special" object because of our extreme sensitivity to faces TERM 39
Monocular Depth
Cues
DEFINITION 39 (>15m) Requires one eyeShape from ShadingRelative SizeOcclusionLinear PerspectiveMotion Parallax TERM 40
Binocular Depth
Cues
DEFINITION 40 (<15m) Requires two eyesStereopsisConvergence
Stereopsis
Depth information is conveyed by the slight shift of images on the two eyes TERM 47
The
Ear
DEFINITION 47 MallusStapesIncusEardrum TERM 48
The Basilar Membrane
DEFINITION 48 The point of MECHANOTRANSDUCTION Mechanotransduction (mechano-
- transduction) is any of various mechanisms by which cells convert mechanical stimulus into electrochemical activity. TERM 49
Frequency Theory
DEFINITION 49 Frequency information is carried by the rate of neural impulses along the auditory nerve TERM 50
Place Theory
DEFINITION 50 Frequency information is coded by the point on the basilar membrane where sound is transduced
Sound
Damage
Damage of Hair Cells due to repeated exposure to high intensitysounds TERM 52
Primary Auditory Cortex
DEFINITION 52 Information from the Basilar membrane is sent to the MGN and to the Primary Auditory Cortex (Temporal Lobe) TERM 53
Gestalt Principles in Sound
DEFINITION 53 To identify an sound, it must be segregated from its background TERM 54
Sonic Gestalt Laws
DEFINITION 54
- Law of Closure2. Law of Similarity3. Law of Good Continuation TERM 55
The Somatosenses
DEFINITION 55 Tactile: Information that is received by the mechanical displacement of the skin (touch)
Odur Prisim
Odour chemicals bind directly odoreceptors TERM 62
Gustation
DEFINITION 62 Chemotransduction is accomplished throuh the Taste Buds types of taste buds:1. Bitter2. Sour3. Salty4. Sweet5. Umami TERM 63
Chemotransduction
DEFINITION 63 Converting chemical into neural energyPeople with more taste buds are known as supertasters TERM 64
Perceptual Development
DEFINITION 64 Newborns cannot see fine detail informationAdult levels of detail vision are achieved by about a year TERM 65
The Role of Experience (Amblyopia)
DEFINITION 65 Reduced vision due to abnormal visual input early in life Amblyopia reflects abnormal neural circuitry that developed because of abnormal visual input, and CANNOT be optically correctedDeprivation occurs because of a cataract early in life
