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This seminar presentation delves into the causes and properties of earthquakes, focusing on the spectral properties of seismic waves and their impact on structures. Topics include the main causes of earthquakes, terminology, seismic waves, and spectral properties. The presentation also discusses the importance of understanding earthquake source properties and the response of structures to different types of seismic waves.
Typology: Summaries
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Guided by: Submitted By:
PRADEEP NATH MATHUR MAHTAB ALAM
( Assistant Prof. CE Dept.) ( 4
th Year 16EJECE018)
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
Volcanic Eruptions:- The main cause of the earthquake is volcanic
eruptions.
Tectonic Movements:- The surface of the earth consists of some
plates, comprising of the upper mantle.
Geological Faults:- A geological fault is known as the displacement
of plates of their original plane.
Man-Made:- Man- Made like as a Nuclear bombing , Mining Blast
etc.
Minor Causes:- Some minor causes such as Landslides, Avalanches,
the collapse of heavy rocks.
Main Causes of Earthquake
TERMINOLGY
Hypocentre:- The point inside the surface of the earth from where the
earthquake originates is termed as hypocenter, this is also known as Focus.
Epicenter:- The point on the earth’s surface ,vertically above the hypocenter is
called as epicenter.
Focal Depth:- The depth of focus from the epicenter is called focal depth.
The focal depth of most of the major earthquakes causing lot of damage is
shallow.
Epicentral Distance:- Distance from epicenter to point of any interest is
called as epicentral distance
The damage is maximum at the epicenter and surrounding area.
Fig.1.P-waves and S-waves
SPECTRAL PROPERTIES
The source spectral properties of injection-induced earthquakes give
insight into their nucleation, rupture processes ,and influence on
ground motion.
Earthquake source properties such as seismic moment and stress
drop are routinely estimated from far‐field body wave amplitude
spectra.
Earthquakes are investigated with epicenters located along divergent
and along convergent plate boundaries.
Two criteria are applied in order to distinguish between earthquakes
featuring anomalous
Figure 1.Numerical simulation results of four rupture models
expanding crack (blue), growing pulse (green), steady state pulse
(pink), and arresting pulse (orange).
Figure 2 Details of expanding crack, showing (a) slip, (b) static stress change
(blue region means stress drop), (c) rupture front time, and (d and e) slip rate
functions.
REFERNCES
1. M.Sobaih,Professor ,Dept. of Structural Engineering ,Faculty of
Engineering , Cario University,Giza, Egypt.(15-7-2005 to 15-7-2007)
2. Prof. V. R. Rathi
1 , Gadakh Vishal Balkrishna , Research, e-ISSN No.:2349-
9745, Date: 28-30 April, 2016, Professor, Civil Engineering Department,
PREC, Loni.
3. Vivek G.Jamodkar , Prof N. P. Kataria Final Year Student (M.E. Structure)
Professor Meghe Institute of Technology & Research Badnera, Amravati-
444701, Maharashtra, India Technology & Research Badnera, Amravati-
444701, Maharashtra, India.
4. E. L. Lyskova1, T. B. Yanovskaya1 and S. J. Duda , Institute of Physics,
St.Petersburg University, St. Petersburg, Russia Institute of Geophysics,
Hamburg University, Hamburg, Germany Received 9 July 1998, in final form
21 December 1998
