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ENGLISH
Formal Types of Communication Skills This types of communication is also referred to as “official communication” and covers the gamut of verbal expressions that address a formal need. Informal Communication Informal communication is surprisingly popular, and also referred to as “the (unofficial) grapevine”. This is often by word-of-mouth information. In fact, it is this type of communication that opens you up to unofficial yet provocative information. Oral Communication (Face-to-face) Face-to-face oral communication is the most recognized type of communication. Here, what you express comes directly from what you speak. Again, this can be formal or informal: with your friends and family, in a formal meeting or seminar, at work with your colleagues and boss, within your community, during professional presentations, etc. Oral Communication (Distance) Distance (oral) communication has made the world a smaller and more accessible place. Mobile phones, VOIP, video-conferencing, 2-way webinars, etc. are all modern expansions of distance communication, taking its expression to the next subtle level. And in this type of communication, your tone of voice and pace of delivery take priority over other expressions. Non-verbal Types of Communication This type of communication is more subtle, yet far more powerful. It includes the entire gamut of physical postures and gestures, tone and pace of voice, and the attitude with which you communicate. Written Communication A few decades ago, written communication depended on the trusty old mailman as we wrote to people who were far away. On rare occasions, this also included the formal note or legal notice from the bank, landlord, business client, etc. What a surprise then that this type of communication has now taken over every aspect of our world! Kinesics or kinesic communication is all about communication through body movements, such as gestures and facial expressions. It is all about non-verbal behavior using any part of the body. It also includes communicating using the body as a whole. In popular culture, we call this ' body language '. Proxemics is the study of space and how we use it, and how it makes us feel more or less comfortable. How close you stand next to someone, for example , depends on the relationship you have with that person. ... Intimate space: very close, usually within one foot and sometimes touching. Haptic communication is a branch of nonverbal communication that refers to the ways in which people and animals communicate and interact via the sense of touch. Touch is the most sophisticated and intimate of the five senses. We learned earlier that paralanguage refers to the vocalized but nonverbal parts of a message. Vocalics is the study of paralanguage, which includes the vocal qualities that go along with verbal messages, such as pitch, volume, rate, vocal quality, and verbal fillers (Andersen, 1999). Chronemics is the study of the use of time in nonverbal communication. Time perceptions include punctuality, willingness to wait, and interactions. The use of time can affect lifestyles, daily agendas, speed of speech, movements and how long people are willing to listen. Agyu – Epic hero of Bukidnon Setting : Where and when is the story set? Setting represents both the physical location but also the time (i.e. past, present, future) and the social and cultural conditions in which the characters exist.
Social journalism is a media model consisting of a hybrid of professional journalism , contributor and reader content. The format relies on community involvement, audience engagement, social newsgathering and verification, data and analytics, and relationship- building. Citizen journalism , also known as collaborative media, participatory journalism, democratic journalism, guerrilla journalism or street journalism, is based upon public citizens "playing an active role in the process of collecting, reporting, analyzing, and disseminating news and information. Yellow journalism and the yellow press are American terms for journalism and associated newspapers that present little or no legitimate, well-researched news while instead using eye- catching headlines for increased sales. Techniques may include exaggerations of news events, scandal-mongering, or sensationalism. Adversarial journalism , or gotcha journalism , is a form of journalism that seeks to uncover wrongdoings of public officials. Gotcha journalism can include various methods such as, moving away from the agreed upon interview topic, or switching to an embarrassing subject that was agreed to be out-of-bounds. Manipulatives Media are tools that are used to aid in hands-on learning. They can be physical objects or computer programs which learners can manipulate in order to grasp an idea, and gain understanding or mastery of given concepts. Examples are Abacus, Jigsaw Puzzles, Lego, Rubik's Cube. Interactive media , also called interactive multimedia, any computer-delivered electronic system that allows the user to control, combine, and manipulate different types of media, such as text, sound, video, computer graphics, and animation. Examples of interactive media include web sites, user-generated content, interactive television, gaming, interactive advertising, blogs and mobile telephony. Pre-Industrial Age (Before 1700's) In this age, People had learned or discovered fire, developed paper from plants, and forged weapons and tools with stone, bronze, copper and iron. Industrial Age (1700s-1930s) This is were people discovered the used of power steam, developed machine tools, established iron production, and the manufacturing of various products (including books through the printing press) Electronic Age (1930s-1980s) In this age, People invented the transistor ushered in the electronic age. People harnessed the power of transistors that led to the transistor radio, electronic circuits, and the early computers. In this age, long distance communication became more efficient. Information Age (1900s-2000s) This is were the Internet paved the way for faster communication and the creation of the social network. People advanced the use of microelectronics with the invention of personal computers, mobile devices, and wearable technology. Moreover, voice, image, sound and data are digitalized. We are now living in the information age.
Dryopithecus These are deemed to be the ancestors of both man and apes. They lived in China, Africa, Europe and India. The genus Dryopithecus refers to the oak wood apes. When Dryopithecus was alive, the tropical lowlands which it inhabited were densely forested, so the members could have predominantly been herbivores. Ramapithecus Their first remains were discovered from the Shivalik range in Punjab and later in Africa and Saudi Arabia. They lived in open grasslands. Two pieces of evidence confirm their Hominid status:
- Thickened tooth enamel, robust jaws and shorter canines.
- Usage of hands for food and defence and extrapolations of upright posture. Australopithecus The fossil of this genus was first discovered in 1924 in South Africa. They lived on the ground, used stones as weapons and walked erect. They were 4 feet tall and weighed 60-80 pounds. Homo Erectus The first fossil of Homo Erectus was found in Java in 1891. These were named as Pithecanthropus Erectus. These were considered as the missing link between the man and apes. Another discovery made in China was the Peking man. This specimen had large cranial capacities and is believed to have lived in communities. Homo erectus used tools comprising quartz. Tools made of bones and wood were also discovered. There is evidence of collective huntings. There is also evidence of the use of fire. The Homo Erectus is believed to dwell in caves. Homo Sapiens Neanderthalensis The Homo Erectus evolved into Homo Sapiens. During evolution, two sub-species of Homo Sapiens were identified- Homo sapien Neanderthal and Homo sapiens sapiens. The cranial capacity of Neanderthal grew from 1200 to 1600 cc. Some small hand axes had also been discovered. This species of hominids could hunt big names such as mammoths Homo Sapiens The remains of Homo Sapiens were first discovered in Europe and were named Cro-Magnon. In these, the jaws are quite reduced, the modern man’s chin appeared, and the skull was rounded. Their cranial capacity was about 1350 cc. They gathered food through hunting. Art first appeared during this time. Media literacy, put simply, is the ability to identify different types of media and the messages they are sending. When we speak of media, it encompasses print media, such as newspapers, magazines and posters, and theatrical presentations, tweets, radio broadcasts, etc. Information literacy is the ability to find, evaluate, organize, use, and communicate information in all its various formats, most notably in situations requiring decision making, problem solving, or the acquisition of knowledge. Technology literacy is the ability of an individual, working independently and with others, to responsibly, appropriately and effectively use technology tools to access, manage, integrate, evaluate, create and communicate information.
Sender: The sender or the communicator is the person who initiates the conversation and has conceptualized the idea that he intends to convey it to others. Encoding: The sender begins with the encoding process wherein he uses certain words or non- verbal methods such as symbols, signs, body gestures, etc. to translate the information into a message. The sender’s knowledge, skills, perception, background, competencies, etc. has a great impact on the success of the message. Message: Once the encoding is finished, the sender gets the message that he intends to convey. The message can be written, oral, symbolic or non-verbal such as body gestures, silence, sighs, sounds, etc. or any other signal that triggers the response of a receiver. Communication Channel: The Sender chooses the medium through which he wants to convey his message to the recipient. It must be selected carefully in order to make the message effective and correctly interpreted by the recipient. The choice of medium depends on the interpersonal relationships between the sender and the receiver and also on the urgency of the message being sent. Oral, virtual, written, sound, gesture, etc. are some of the commonly used communication mediums. Receiver: The receiver is the person for whom the message is intended or targeted. He tries to comprehend it in the best possible manner such that the communication objective is attained. The degree to which the receiver decodes the message depends on his knowledge of the subject matter, experience, trust and relationship with the sender. Decoding: Here, the receiver interprets the sender’s message and tries to understand it in the best possible manner. An effective communication occurs only if the receiver understands the message in exactly the same way as it was intended by the sender. Feedback: The Feedback is the final step of the process that ensures the receiver has received the message and interpreted it correctly as it was intended by the sender. It increases the effectiveness of the communication as it permits the sender to know the efficacy of his message. The response of the receiver can be verbal or non- verbal. Note: The Noise shows the barriers in communications. There are chances when the message sent by the sender is not received by the recipient.
Cube side^ Rectangular Prism side1 × side2 × side
Mathematicians normally use a two-valued logic : Every statement is
either True or False. This is called the Law of the Excluded Middle.
A statement in sentential logic is built from simple statements using the logical
connectives , , , , and. The truth or falsity of a statement built with
these connective depends on the truth or falsity of its components.
For example, the compound statement is built using the logical
connectives , , and. The truth or falsity of depends on the truth
or falsity of P, Q, and R.
A truth table shows how the truth or falsity of a compound statement depends on the
truth or falsity of the simple statements from which it's constructed. So we'll start by
looking at truth tables for the five logical connectives.
Here's the table for negation:
This table is easy to understand. If P is true , its negation is false. If P is false ,
then is true.
should be true when both P and Q are true , and false otherwise:
is true if either P is true or Q is true (or both --- remember that we're using "or"
in the inclusive sense). It's only false if both P and Q are false.
Here's the table for logical implication:
To understand why this table is the way it is, consider the following example:
"If you get an A, then I'll give you a dollar."
The statement will be true if I keep my promise and false if I don't.
Suppose it's true that you get an A and it's true that I give you a dollar. Since I kept
my promise, the implication is true. This corresponds to the first line in the table.
Suppose it's true that you get an A but it's false that I give you a dollar. Since
I didn't keep my promise, the implication is false. This corresponds to the second line
in the table.
What if it's false that you get an A? Whether or not I give you a dollar, I haven't
broken my promise. Thus, the implication can't be false, so (since this is a two-valued
logic) it must be true. This explains the last two lines of the table.
means that P and Q are equivalent. So the double implication is true if P and
Q are both true or if P and Q are both false ; otherwise, the double implication is false.
A Bond is a contract between two companies. Companies or governments issue bonds because they need to borrow large amounts of money. They issue bonds and investors buy them (thereby giving the people who issued the bond money). Bonds have a maturity date. This means that at some point, the bond issuer has to pay back the money to the investors. They also have to pay the investors a little bit more than they paid for the bond. Amortization is the process of spreading out a loan into a series of fixed payments. The loan is paid off at the end of the payment schedule. Some of each payment goes towards interest costs and some goes toward your loan balance. Over time, you pay less in interest and more toward your balance. An annuity is a long- term agreement (contract) between you and an insurance company that allows you accumulate funds on a tax-deferred basis for later payout in the form of a guaranteed income that you cannot outlive. ... When considering the purchase of an annuity , don't be distracted away from its simplicity. Shares are units of equity ownership interest in a corporation that exist as a financial asset providing for an equal distribution in any residual profits, if any are declared, in the form of dividends. Shareholders may also enjoy capital gains if the value of the company rises. A stock is a general term used to describe the ownership certificates of any company. A share, on the other hand, refers to the stock certificate of a particular company. Holding a particular
An oblique or slant asymptote is an asymptote along a line y =mx+ b , where m ≠0. Oblique asymptotes occur when the degree of the denominator of a rational function is one less than the degree of the numerator. For example, the function f ( x ) = x +1 x has an oblique asymptote about the line y = x and a vertical asymptote at the line x =0. A probability distribution is a statistical function that describes all the possible values and likelihoods that a random variable can take within a given range. Standard deviation is a number used to tell how measurements for a group are spread out from the average (mean or expected value). A low standard deviation means that most of the numbers are close to the average, while a high standard deviation means that the numbers are more spread out. Confidence Intervals. For a given statistic calculated for a sample of observations (e.g. the mean), the confidence interval is a range of values around that statistic that are believed to contain, with a certain probability (e.g.95%), the true value of that statistic (i.e. the population value). Strictly speaking a 95% confidence interval means that if we were to take 100 different samples and compute a 95% confidence interval for each sample, then approximately 95 of the 100 confidence intervals will contain the true mean value (μ). An interest rate is a percentage charged on the total amount you borrow or save. Even a small change in interest rates can have a big impact.
SCIENCE
Oceans cover more than 70 percent of the Earth’s surface, and half of those waters are at least 1.86 miles (3 km) deep. As far as we know, the ocean is 36,200 feet (11,000 m or almost 7 miles) deep at its deepest point. On average, the ocean is about 12,100 feet (3,688 m) deep. Animals living in the bathypelagic zone or deeper never see sunlight.1 Some organisms living there, such as vampire squid and humpback anglerfish, produce their own light. More than 99 percent of Earth’s inhabitable space is in the open ocean. The ocean is divided into five zones: the epipelagic zone, or upper open ocean (surface to 650 feet deep); the mesopelagic zone, or middle open ocean (650-3,300 feet deep); the bathypelagic zone, or lower open ocean (3,300-13,000 feet deep); the abyssopelagic zone, or abyss (13,000-20,000 feet deep); and the hadopelagic zone, or deep ocean trenches (20, feet and deeper). The ocean produces more than 50 percent of the air we breathe. Humans have only explored 5 percent of the world’s oceans. However, it is believed that humans have impacted every part of the ocean with waste and chemical pollution. Comet nuclei are loose collections of ice, dust and small rocky particles, ranging from a few kilometers to tens of kilometers across. They are composed of rock, dust, ice and frozen gases such as carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, methane, and ammonia. When meteoroids enter Earth's atmosphere (or that of another planet, like Mars) at high speed and burn up, the fireballs or “shooting stars” are called meteors. When a meteoroid survives a trip through the atmosphere and hits the ground, it's called a meteorite.
Skeletal, or voluntary muscles, are responsible for carrying out the actions and movements caused by messages sent from our brains through our nervous system. Skeletal muscles are also responsible for maintaining posture and producing heat. When muscles lack appropriate levels of oxygen they can cramp and tear, creating pain. When not used they can atrophy and become useless. Diseases and disorders of the muscular system include muscular dystrophy; fibromyalgia; tendinitis; multiple sclerosis; and muscle strain or sprains; hernias. Lymphatic System (Red Bone Marrow, Thymus, Lymphatic Vessels, Thoracic Duct, Spleen, Lymph Nodes) This system transports clean fluids in our body back to the blood and drains excess fluids and debris from the tissues and cells of the body. It also houses the white blood cells (lymphocytes) involved in protecting our bodies from infection. Diseases and disorders specific to the lymphatic system include anemias; leukemia; tuberculosis of the lymph nodes; Hodgkin’s disease; and other blood disorders. Respiratory System – (Nasal Cavity, Pharynx, Larynx, Trachea, Bronchus, Lung) This system maintains our breathing. It supplies the body with oxygen for cellular respiration by collecting oxygen in the lungs and disposes of carbon dioxide by breathing out the waste product. It also provides our functions of speech and smell. Diseases and disorders of the respiratory system include allergies; rhinitis and sinusitis; laryngitis; COPD; pleurisy; bronchitis; emphysema; asthma; sarcoidosis; fibrosis; asbestosis; pulmonary vascular diseases; fungal or bacterial infections of the lungs; sleep apnea; tuberculosis of the respiratory system; and lung, throat, and other respiratory cancers. Digestive system (Oral Cavity, Esophagus, Liver, Stomach, Small Intestine, Large Intestine, Rectum, Anus) Beginning with our mouths, this system is responsible for the breaking down and absorption of nutrients and the elimination of the waste not utilized by the body. It is responsible for identifying which minerals, vitamins, and other essentials from the foods we eat can be absorbed and utilized or stored by the body and which are to be disposed of, and carrying out those functions. Diseases and disorders of the digestive system include diverticulitis; gastritis; pancreatitis; cholecystitis; cirrhosis; hepatitis; liver cancer; irritable bowel or colon syndromes; Crone’s disease; and hemorrhoids.
Nervous System– (Brain, Spinal Cord, Nerves) This system is actually made up of two distinct parts; the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system. The central nervous system is made up of the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system is made up of all the nerves that lead into and out of the CNS to other parts of the body. The entire nervous system controls all of the other systems of the body, such as digestion and cardiac rhythm, and responds to internal and external changes, such as activating muscles and breathing. It also transmits information to the brain, such as pain and external sensations. Diseases and disorders of the nervous system include paralysis; Parkinson’s Disease; palsy, embolisms; thrombosis; arteriosclerosis; polio; myelitis; ALS; meningitis; Multiple Sclerosis; muscular tics; Huntington’s Disease; cancers of the brain, spinal cord or nerves; epilepsy, seizure disorders; narcolepsy; migraine headaches; peripheral neuropathy; and traumatic brain injury. Endocrine System– (Pineal Gland, Pituitary Gland, Thyroid Gland, Thymus, Adrenal Gland, Pancreas, Ovary, Testis) The glands of the endocrine system secrete chemicals called hormones that regulate most of the processes in our bodies such as growth, reproduction, metabolism, and even the control of the amount of glucose in our blood. Diseases and disorders of the endocrine system include Type 1 & Type 2 Diabetes, hypoglycemia, Addison’s disease; Cushing’s syndrome; hyper/hypothyroidism, thyroid cancer; and other active cancers of the endocrine glands. Cardiovascular (Circulatory) System– (Heart, Blood Vessels) The heart, made of cardiac muscle, pumps blood and blood vessels such as arteries and veins, transport the blood to every part of our body providing organs and muscles with nourishment. The blood carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, waste and more throughout the body. Diseases and disorders associated with the cardiovascular system include myocardial infarction; coronary bypass surgery; arrhythmias; valve replacements; pacemakers; transplants; heart diseases (ischemic; hypertensive; arteriosclerotic); hypertension; aneurysms; fistulas; arteriosclerosis; anaphylaxis shock; varicose veins; cold weather injuries; and sarcomas of the blood vessels.
Non-foliated metamorphic rocks do not have a layered or banded appearance. Examples of nonfoliated rocks include: hornfels, marble, novaculite, quartzite, and skarn. Sedimentary rocks are formed by the accumulation of sediments. There are three basic types of sedimentary rocks. Clastic sedimentary rocks form from the accumulation and lithification of mechanical weathering debris. Examples include: breccia, conglomerate, sandstone, siltstone, and shale. Chemical sedimentary rocks form when dissolved materials preciptate from solution. Examples include: chert, some dolomites, flint, iron ore, limestones, and rock salt. Organic sedimentary rocks form from the accumulation of plant or animal debris. Examples include: chalk, coal, diatomite, some dolomites, and some limestones. Erosion is the geological process in which earthen materials are worn away and transported by natural forces such as wind or water. Weathering is the breaking down or dissolving of rocks and minerals on Earths surface. Once a rock has been broken down, a process called erosion transports the bits of rock and minerals away. Water, acids, salt, plants, animals, and changes in temperature are all agents of weathering and erosion. At the equinox, Earth's two hemispheres are receiving the sun's rays equally. Night and day are often said to be equal in length. In fact, the word equinox comes from the Latin aequus (equal) and nox (night). Solstice, either of the two moments in the year when the Sun's apparent path is farthest north or south from Earth's Equator. At the winter solstice the day is the year's shortest, and at the summer solstice it is the year's longest. Nitrogen accounts for 78% of the atmosphere, oxygen 21% and argon 0.9%. Gases like carbon dioxide, nitrous oxides, methane, and ozone are trace gases that account for about a tenth of one percent of the atmosphere. Type Description Example Organisms Fission Occurs when a parent cell splits into two identical daughter cells of the same size. Bacteria, Protists, Unicellular Fungi Fragmentation Occurs when a parent organism breaks into fragments, or pieces, and each fragment develops into a new organism. Starfish, some worms, fungi, plants, lichens Budding Occurs when a parent cell forms a bubble-like bud. The bud stays attached to the parent cell while it grows and develops. When the bud is fully developed, it breaks away from the parent cell and forms a new organism. Yeast, Hydra Vegetative Reproduction Occurs when new individuals are formed without the production of seeds or spores. Plants Agamogenesis Any form of reproduction that does not involve a male gamete. Many plants and some animals.
Vocabulary agamogenesis : Any form of reproduction that does not involve a male gamete. asexual reproduction : Reproduction involving only one parent; occurs without a fusion of gametes; produces offspring that are all genetically identical to the parent. budding : A form of asexual reproduction in which a new organism develops from an outgrowth or bud on another one; the bud may stay attached or break free from the parent. clone : A genetically identical copy; may be a gene, a cell or an organism; an organism that is genetically identical to its parent. diploid : The state of a cell containing two sets of chromosomes; in human somatic cells, two sets is 46 (23 pairs) chromosomes, 2n. fission : Asexual reproduction in which a parent separates into two or more individuals of about equal size. fragmentation : Asexual reproduction in which the body breaks into several fragments, which later develop into complete organisms. gamete : A sexually reproducing organism’s reproductive cells, such as sperm and egg cells. haploid : The state of a cell containing one set of chromosomes; in human gametes, one set is 23 chromosomes, n. meiosis : A type of cell division that halves the number of chromosomes and forms gametes. parthenogenesis : A form of asexual reproduction where growth and development of embryos occur without fertilization. reproduction : Process by which living organisms give rise to offspring; making the next generation. sexual reproduction : Reproduction involving the joining of haploid gametes, producing genetically diverse individuals. spore : A haploid reproductive cell, found in plants, algae and some protists; can fully develop without fusing with another cell. vegetative reproduction : A type of asexual reproduction found in plants where new individuals are formed without the production of seeds or spores. zygote : A fertilized egg; the first cell of a new organism.
Tropical Storm Watch A Tropical Storm Watch is issued when Tropical Storm conditions, including winds of 39- mph, pose a POSSIBLE threat to a specified coastal area within 48 hours. Tropical Storm Warning A Tropical Storm Warning is issued when Tropical Storm conditions, including winds of 39- mph, are EXPECTED in a specified coastal area within 36 hours or less. Hurricane Watch A Hurricane Watch is issued when sustained winds of 74 mph or higher are POSSIBLE within the specified area of the Watch. Because hurricane preparedness activities become difficult once winds reach tropical storm force, the Watch is issued 48 hours in advance of the onset of tropical storm force winds. Hurricane Warning A Hurricane Warning is issued when sustained winds of 74 mph or higher are EXPECTED somewhere within the specified area of the Warning. Because hurricane preparedness activities become difficult once winds reach tropical storm force, the Warning is issued 36 hours in advance of the onset of tropical storm force winds. NOTE: A Hurricane Warning can remain in effect when dangerously high water or a combination of dangerously high water and exceptionally high waves continues...even if the winds have subsided below hurricane intensity. Eye Wall An organized band of cumulonimbus clouds immediately surrounding the center of the tropical cyclone. Storm Surge An abnormal rise in sea level accompanying a tropical cyclone. This is the difference in height between observed level of the sea surface and the level that would have occurred in the absence of the storm. Storm surge is usually estimated by subtracting the normal or astronomical tide from the observed storm tide. Storm Tide The water level rise resulting from the astronomical tide combined with the storm surge.
Genetic engineering is the process of using recombinant DNA (rDNA) technology to alter the genetic makeup of an organism. Traditionally, humans have manipulated genomes indirectly by controlling breeding and selecting offspring with desired traits. Fermentation is any metabolic process in which microorganisms’ activity creates a desirable change in food and beverages, whether it’s increasing flavor, preserving foodstuffs, providing health benefits, or more. Examples of Products Formed by Fermentation Beer. Wine. Yogurt. Cheese. Certain sour foods containing lactic acid, including sauerkraut , kimchi , and pepperoni. Bread leavening by yeast. Sewage treatment. Some industrial alcohol production, such as for biofuel The word “ferment” comes from the Latin verb “fervere,” which means “to boil.” Ironically, fermentation is possible without heat. Lactic acid fermentation is a metabolic process by which glucose or other six-carbon sugars (also, disaccharides of six-carbon sugars, e.g. sucrose or lactose) are converted into cellular energy and the metabolite lactate , which is lactic acid in solution. This method makes sauerkraut, pickles, kimchi, yogurt, and sourdough bread. Ethanol fermentation/alcohol fermentation. Yeasts break pyruvate molecules—the output of the metabolism of glucose (C6H12O6) known as glycolysis—in starches or sugars down into alcohol and carbon dioxide molecules. Alcoholic fermentation produces wine and beer. Acetic acid fermentation. Starches and sugars from grains and fruit ferment into sour tasting vinegar and condiments. Examples include apple cider vinegar, wine vinegar, and kombucha. Pyruvic acid , (CH 3 COCOOH), is an organic acid that probably occurs in all living cells. It ionizes to give a hydrogen ion and an anion, termed pyruvate. Biochemists use the terms pyruvate and pyruvic acid almost interchangeably. pyruvic acid ; acetoacetic acid. Chemical formulas for pyruvic acid and acetoacetic acid. Pyruvic acid supplies energy to living cells through the citric acid cycle (also known as the Krebs cycle ) when oxygen is present (aerobic respiration); it ferments to produce lactic acid when oxygen is lacking ( fermentation ). Pyruvate is the output of the anaerobic metabolism of glucose known as glycolysis. Ethanol ( Ethyl Alcohol ) Ethanol, also called alcohol , ethyl alcohol and grain alcohol , is a clear, colorless liquid and the principle ingredient in alcoholic beverages like beer, wine or brandy. There is a couple different ways to determine if a bond is ionic or covalent. By definition, an ionic bond is between a metal and a nonmetal, and a covalent bond is between 2 nonmetals. So you usually just look at the periodic table and determine whether your compound is made of a metal/nonmetal or is just 2 nonmetals. Ionic bonding is the complete transfer of valence electron(s) between atoms. It is a type of chemical bond that generates two oppositely charged ions. In ionic bonds , the metal loses electrons to become a positively charged cation, whereas the nonmetal accepts those electrons to become a negatively charged anion.
