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ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
Two branches of science. Provide the foundation for understanding the body’s parts and functions. Anatomy Physiology Anatomy. – Relationships among structures is the science of body structures and the relationships among structures. It was first study by Dissection. o Dissection The careful cutting apart of body structures to study their relationships. Physiology. - How body parts work Science of body function How the body parts work Subdisciplines of Anatomy Embryology – fertile egg through 8th^ weeks in utero Study of structures that emerge from the time of the fertilized egg through the 8th^ week in utero. Developmental Biology- fertile egg through adult form Study of structures emerge from the time of the fertilized egg to the adult form. Histology- microscopic structures of tissue Study of Microscopic structures of tissues. Surface Anatomy- Anatomical landmarks on the surface of body Study of anatomical landmarks on the surface of the body through visualization & palpation
Gross Anatomy- Structures can be examine without using microscope. Study of structures that can be examined without using a microscope. Systemic Anatomy- Such as nervous or respiratory system Study of structure of specific systems of the body such as the nervous or respiratory system Regional anatomy- Such as the head or chest Specific regions of the body such as the head or chest Radiographic anatomy - visualized by x-rays Body structures that can be visualized by x-rays. Pathological Anatomy - Associated with disease. Structural changes (from gross to microscopic) associated with disease. Subdisciplines of Physiology Neurophysiology – functional properties if nerve cell Study of functional properties if nerve cell Endocrinology- Hormones & how they control the body Study of hormones (chemical regulators in the blood) & how they control the body. Cardiovascular Physiology- functions of the heart & blood vessels Study of functional properties if nerve cell Immunology- How the body defends itself How the body defends itself against disease-causing agents. Respiratory Physiology- Air passageways and the lungs Functions of Air passageways and the lungs. Renal Physiology- Functions of the kidneys. Functions of the kidneys.
Used to detects tumors and artery-clogging fatty plaques, reveal brain abnormalities, measure blood flow, and detect a variety of musculoskeletal, liver and kidney disorder. Sonography High-frequency sound waves produced by a handheld wand reflect off body tissues and are detected by the same instrument. The image, which may be still or moving, is called a sonogram (SON-ō- gram) and is reproduced on a video monitor. Safe, noninvasive, painless, and uses no dyes. Most commonly used to visualize the fetus during organelles. Used to observe the size, location, and actions of organs and blood flow through blood vessels. Positron Emission Tomography (PET) A substance that emits positron (positively charged particles) is injected into the body, where it is taken up by tissues. A computer receives signals from the gamma cameras and constructs a PET scan. A PET scan shows where the injected substance is being used in the body. Used to study the physiology of body structures, such as metabolism in the brain pr heart. Organization of Body Parts The structure of the body can be studied at different level or organization. The Chemical Level Includes atoms, the smallest units of matter that participates in chemical reactions, and molecules, two or more atoms joined together. Certain atoms such as carbon (C), hydrogen (H), oxygen (O), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), calcium (Ca), and sulfur (S), are essential for maintaining life. Two familiar examples of molecules found in the body are. Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) The genetic material passed from one generation to the next
Glucose Commonly known as blood sugar The Cellular Level Molecules combine to form cells. the basic structural & functional units of an organism. Cells are the smallest living units in the human body. Among the many kinds of cells in the body are smooth muscle cells, nerve cells, & epithelial cells. The Tissue Level Tissues are groups of cells and the materials surrounding them that work together to perform a particular function. There are just four basic types of tissue in your body: Epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscle tissue, and nervous tissue. The Organ Level Different kinds of tissues are joined together. Organs are structures that are composed of two or more types of different types of tissues. They have a specific functions & usually have recognizable shapes. The System Level A system consists of related organs that have a common function. An example is the digestive system which breaks down & absorbs food.
