Readings in Philippine History - Prof. rtrdtr | Cheat Sheet Law

Readings in Philippine History College of Education

Chapter 2

Understanding Perspectives

Learning Outcomes

1. Discuss the context, content, and perspective of different kinds of primary sources

2. Determine the contribution of different kinds of primary sources in understanding Philippine

history

3. Identify the historical importance of primary sources

4. Develop critical and analytical skills with exposure to primary sources

Lesson Proper

The historian’s primary tool of understanding and interpreting the past is the historical

sources. Historical sources ascertain historical facts. Such facts are then analyzed and interpreted

by the historian to weave historical narrative. Historical sources are written by various authors with

different perspectives.

1.Perspective

refers to the point of view of the said writer who was a witness to the event. It provides

primary information about the author’s work. It sets up the opinion, attitude, and

background of the writer. It is especially vital to history, since the authors of primary sources

have their own takes of the events. Though historical sources are important in the writing of

history, the historian is careful in using these sources as the writer may be biased or

prejudiced on the subject, he/she is discussing. Since the authors of primary sources have

their own takes of the events.

Different participants who wrote their accounts can give varied opinions and

statements about a single event. For example, the Philippine Revolution of 1896 can be read

from the point of view of the Filipinos and from the side of the Spaniards. The same event

can be viewed from the lens of foreigners who were in the Philippines at that time and were

just passive observers. In any case, reading a historical event from the points of view of all

sides will enable us to form our own studies about the said event.

Not only should we seek to understand the events that end up to a historical moment

(the cause-and-effect), but we need to examine the world in which the event took place, too.

We know that circumstances one has experienced in life can affect the way in which one

views the world depending on a range of factors including age, gender, social positions, belief

and values. As a result, each person has his or her unique biases. Consider, too, that the

people of the past had different views, too. They looked upon the world around them in a

different way than we do as a result of the times they lived through, and we must take that

into consideration in order to understand their decisions.

Determining a source perspective is to know who the creator of the source was.

Conduct a background research on who created the source and find out details about them.

In doing so, you’ll be able to understand how they viewed the past. Look into their

Nationality, social status, political perspective, culture, and education.

2. Historical Methodology

Historical Methodology comprises certain techniques and rules that historians follow

in order to properly utilize sources and historical evidences in writing history. It is also the

Partial preview of the text

Download Readings in Philippine History - Prof. rtrdtr and more Cheat Sheet Law in PDF only on Docsity!

Chapter 2 Understanding Perspectives Learning Outcomes

Discuss the context, content, and perspective of different kinds of primary sources
Determine the contribution of different kinds of primary sources in understanding Philippine history
Identify the historical importance of primary sources
Develop critical and analytical skills with exposure to primary sources Lesson Proper The historian’s primary tool of understanding and interpreting the past is the historical sources. Historical sources ascertain historical facts. Such facts are then analyzed and interpreted by the historian to weave historical narrative. Historical sources are written by various authors with different perspectives. 1.Perspective refers to the point of view of the said writer who was a witness to the event. It provides primary information about the author’s work. It sets up the opinion, attitude, and background of the writer. It is especially vital to history, since the authors of primary sources have their own takes of the events. Though historical sources are important in the writing of history, the historian is careful in using these sources as the writer may be biased or prejudiced on the subject, he/she is discussing. Since the authors of primary sources have their own takes of the events. Different participants who wrote their accounts can give varied opinions and statements about a single event. For example, the Philippine Revolution of 1896 can be read from the point of view of the Filipinos and from the side of the Spaniards. The same event can be viewed from the lens of foreigners who were in the Philippines at that time and were just passive observers. In any case, reading a historical event from the points of view of all sides will enable us to form our own studies about the said event. Not only should we seek to understand the events that end up to a historical moment (the cause-and-effect), but we need to examine the world in which the event took place, too. We know that circumstances one has experienced in life can affect the way in which one views the world depending on a range of factors including age, gender, social positions, belief and values. As a result, each person has his or her unique biases. Consider, too, that the people of the past had different views, too. They looked upon the world around them in a different way than we do as a result of the times they lived through, and we must take that into consideration in order to understand their decisions. Determining a source perspective is to know who the creator of the source was. Conduct a background research on who created the source and find out details about them. In doing so, you’ll be able to understand how they viewed the past. Look into their Nationality, social status, political perspective, culture, and education.
Historical Methodology Historical Methodology comprises certain techniques and rules that historians follow in order to properly utilize sources and historical evidences in writing history. It is also the

process of critically examining and analyzing the records of the past and survivals of the past. (Gottschalk, 1969) Sources, i.e. records from and of the past, form the basis of historical research by providing historians with the evidence which enables them to make claims about the past. Since every source has a past of its own, historians must first examine the history of their sources (a process known as source criticism) before turning to source interpretation. Historical Analysis  Select the subject to investigate  Collect probable sources of information on the subject  Look out for many varied evidences of the activities engaged in by people who lived in the past.  It is necessary at this point to be familiar with the different types of historical sources (Primary and Secondary Sources) which you may avail of as you conduct your data collection.  Examine sources genuineness/ criticize your sources  Extract credible particulars  Once individual pieces of information have been assessed in context, hypotheses can be formed and established by historical reasoning. It includes assembling a body of historical data and its presentation in terms of objective truth and significance. Importance of the historical methods

It throws light on present and future trends.
It enables understanding of and solutions to contemporary problems to be sought in the past.
Understanding the importance and repercussions found in cultures.
Reevaluation of the historical data and facts already presented Sources, i.e. records from and of the past, form the basis of historical research by providing historians with the evidence which enables them to make claims about the past. Since every source has a past of its own, historians must first examine the history of their sources (a process known as source criticism) before turning to source interpretation. In order for a source to be used as evidence in history, basic matters about its form and content must be settled. 3.External and Internal Criticism Evaluating sources entails two kinds of criticism. The first one is External criticism and the second is Internal criticism. External Criticism examines the authenticity of the document or the evidence being used while Internal Criticism examines the truthfulness of the content of the evidence. The establishment of the validity of the data generally involves the dual process of internal and external criticism. However, the best tool in the detection of frauds is the investigator's common sense. A. What is External Criticism? "External criticism is concerned with the genuineness of the document itself, whether it really is what it purports to be whether it reads to the original". It is aimed at establishing the

Contextual Analysis  Context is the positioning of the content, storyline or purpose that provides value to the audience.  It considers specifically the time, place, situation when the primary sources were written  The analysis as well includes the author’s background, authority on the subject and intent perceptible, and its relevance and meaning to people and society today.

Magellan’s Voyage Author : Antonio Pigafetta

Studied astronomy, geography, and cartography and during his younger years worked in the ships owned by the Knights of Rhodes.
Described as a well-educated young man possessing an avid curiosity of the world around him.
Accompanied Ferdinand Magellan in the famous expedition.

About the book Pigafetta kept a detailed journal of what happened to them in from the time they left in Seville in 1519 until they returned to Spain in three years. When he returned to Italy, many of his associates asked him to write a formal account of the Magellan expedition and have it published.

Unfortunately, he was unable to find a financier who would pay the deposit for the printer.
A condensed version of his manuscript was published in Venice by Jacques Fabre sometime in 1536.
The original journal of Pigafetta did not survive time.
Of the four known primary sources that dealt with the Magellan expedition, Pigafetta’s account is the longest and most comprehensive.
Pigafetta also gave an eyewitness account of the death of Magellan in the Battle of Mactan. Historical Context One of the benefits that the Europeans gained from the Crusades was the discovery of some products that were not available in their home country. Asian goods reached Europe either via the Silk Road or the Arabian-Italian trade route. Both routes were expensive and often times disrupted by wars, natural calamities, and bandits. The closing of the land route of the Spice Trade with the conquest by the Ottoman Empire of Constantinople (present-day Turkey and the “gateway to the West” then) in 1453 forced European kingdoms to look for ways to purchase spices directly from the source. They decided to explore the oceans to look for a way to the famed Spice Islands.
the Marriage of Queen Isabella of Castile and King Ferdinand Aragon II of Aragon coupled with the victory of the Catholic monarch over the Moors in the Battle of Granada resulted in the rise of Spain as a world power -The Spanish monarch supported the plan of Ferdinand Magellan to go East by sailing westward, a proposal that Portugal refused to finance.
Magellan-Elcano Expedition left the port of Sanlucar de Barrameda in Seville on August 20, 1519 with around 270 men of different nationalities.

the Spaniards lost the battle at Mactan and one of the casualties was Magellan himself. -on September 7, 1522, Elcano and 17 survivors arrived in Spain aboard the Victoria. Relevance of Pigafetta’s travelogue on the Magellan-Elcano Expedition
Pigafetta’s travelogue contributed immensely to the enrichment of Philippine historiography.
Proved that the Earth is not flat.
Demolished the myth that there is boiling water at the Equator.
Proved the theory that one can go to the East by sailing West.
They brought to the attention to the Europeans that on the other side of the American continent exists a large body of water which they named Pacific Ocean.

6. Customs of the Tagalog

Historical Content During the first century of Spanish rule, the colonial government had difficulty in running local politics because of the limited number of Spaniards who wanted to live outside of Intramuros. So the Spanish officials allow Filipinos to hold the position of gobernadorcillos (Miguel Lopez de Legaspi in 1565). Hence, the friars ended up performing the administrative duties that colonial officials should have been doing at the local level. They supervised the election of the local executives, helped in the collection of taxes, were directly involved in educating the youth, and perform other civic duties. Consequently, the friars became the most knowledgeable and influencial figure in the pueblo. Every mission assigned to these friars were reported to the superiors. Some of them submitted letters while others who were keen observers and gifted writers wrote long dispatches. On top of the regular reports they submitted, they also shared their personal observations and experiences. Plasencia’s Relacion de las Costumbres de Los Tagalogs (Custom of the Tagalogs, 1589) is an example of this kind of work. It contains numerous information that historians could use in reconstructing the political and socio-cultural history of the Tagalog region. His work is a primary source because he personally witnessed the events and his account contained his observation. Miguel de Loarca, an encomendero of Panay wrote his Relacion de las Islas Filipinas (1582) and describe the Filipinos’ way of life in the Western Visayas area and more Filipinos who wrote a lot from history. About the Author Fray Juan de Lasencia (Joan de Portocarrero, real name) was a member of Franciscan Order who came together with the first batch of the missionaries to the Philippines in 1578. He and a fellow Franciscan Fray Diego de Oropesa, were assigned to do mission works in the Southern Tagalog area, ( Batangas, Cavite, Laguna, Marinduque, Occidental Mindoro, Oriental Mindoro, Palawan, Quezon, Rizal, Romblon and Aurora and the highly urbanized City of Lucena.)

About the Text

The original document of Customs of the Tgalog is currently kept in the Archivo General de Indias (A.G.I.) in Seville, Spain. A duplicate copy of it is kept in the Archivo Franciscano Ibero- Oriental (A.F.I.O.), in Madrid, Spain. An English translation appeared in Volume VII of the Blair and

In the study of the Katipunan history and its documents, Jim Richardson said that “the Kartilya is the best known of all Katipunan texts” and that it is “the only document of any length set in print by the Katipunan prior to August 1896 that is known to be still extant.” The Kartilya was printed as a small pamphlet that was distributed to the members of the Katipunan. The Kartilya presents not only the teachings for the neophyte Katipunero but also the guiding principles of the society. The Kartilya was not just a document for the Katipunan. Its importance today is predicated on the teachings that embodied the moral and nationalistic principles of a nation that fought for independence.

Speech of President Corazon C. Aquino Before the Joint Session of the United States Congress, September 18, 1986 Historical Context The gradual downfall of the dictatorial regime of President Ferdinand E. Marcos began with the assassination of his political rival, former Senator Benigno “Ninoy” Aquino Jr., on August 21, 1983 moments after the latter returned from exile in the United States. About the Speaker Maria Corazon “Cory” Cojuangco Aquino was born on January 25, 1933 to wealthy and politically prominent family in Tarlac. She graduated from Mt. Vincent College in New York in 1954. a year later she married a popular young politician Benigno “Ninoy” Aquino Jr. She live the life of a politician’s wife, remaining in the background and raising their family of five children while her husband’s career as a prominent opposition politician grew during the Marcos administration. In January 1987, Cory Aquino was named the TIME Magazine’s 1986 Person of the year. She return in the limelight in 2001 supporting the impeachment of President Joseph Estrada in what later became known as EDSA 2. in 2006, she was listed in the TIME Magazine’s issue called “ YEARS OF ASIAN HEROES.” She died on August 1, 2009. About the Speech The invitation to speak before the joint session of the U.S. Congress was extended to President Aquino seven months after she assumed office. The task of writing the speech was given to Cory’s Executive Secretary Teodoro “Teddy Boy” Locsin, Jr. who, in an interview years later, admitted that he was unable to finish it in time for the occasion. It was Cory who finished the draft and it was this speech that she delivered before the U.S. Congress. It ran for half an hour and was interrupted by several applauses and ended with a standing ovation by both the senators and congressmen.

Readings in Philippine History - Prof. rtrdtr, Cheat Sheet of Law

Related documents

Partial preview of the text

Download Readings in Philippine History - Prof. rtrdtr and more Cheat Sheet Law in PDF only on Docsity!

6. Customs of the Tagalog

About the Text