PURPOSSIVE COMMUNICATION MIDTERM REVIEWER | Lecture notes Educational Psychology

PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION

Midterm Reviewer

CHAPTER 1 – COMMUNICATION PROCESSSES,

PRINCIPLES AND ETHICS.

The word communication comes from commun which

implies “something in common” and ication which

suggests “understanding.”

So, communication means a common of understanding

of something.

“Communication is the simultaneous sharing and

creating of meaning through human symbolic

interaction.”

“It is a systematic process in which individual interact

with and through symbols to create and interpret

meanings.”

“Communication is the process of creating and sharing

meaning by using verbal and nonverbal symbols in

varied context.”

THE PROCESS OF COMMUNICATION

SOURCE - this is you, the sender of the message. To

be a good sender, you have to know exactly what

information you want to communicate, why you have

been chosen that particular information, and what result

you expect from that message.

MESSAGE – this is the information you want to convey;

without it, you have no reason for communicating. The

details of the information should be very clear to you

before you communicate it.

DECODING – this is the receiver’s mental processing of

your message into the meaning suggested by the verbal

and/or nonverbal symbols you use as sender. To be

able to do this, he needs to get an accurate picture of

the message.

RECEIVER – this is the person or group of people who

will get your message.

FEEDBACK – this is the receiver’s response to your

message. If you get your desired results, the

communication is successful; otherwise, the

communication fails. When this happens, you have to

find out why it is unsuccessful, learn from your mistakes,

and strive to do better next time.

CONTEXT – this refers to the situation in which the

communication takes places. It includes:

a. environment (the location, time of the day,

temperature)

b. he relationship between the communicators

c. cultural backgrounds

d. topic

SOURCE –> message –> ENCODING –> message –>

CHANNEL –> message –> DECODING –> message

-> RECEIVER –> feedback -> SOURCE

THE KEY PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNICATION

Interpersonal communication is inescapable.

Interpersonal communication is irreversible.

Interpersonal communication is complicated.

What makes communication even more complicated?

You are actually communicating with at least “six

people”.

1. The person whom you think you are.

2. The person whom you think the other person is.

3. The person whom you think the other person thinks you are.

4. The person whom you think the other person thinks he is.

5. The person whom the other person thinks you think you are.

The person whom the other person thinks you think he is.

Interpersonal communication is contextual.

Relational Contexts – (your reactions to other person

based on your relationship- boss, colleague, friend,

sibling.)

Psychological Contexts – (your desire, values,

beliefs, and personality)

Situational Context – it deals with the psycho-social

“where” you are communicating. An interaction that

takes place in a classroom, which is quite formal, will be

very different from one that takes place in a bar, which

is very informal.

Environmental Context - it refers to the physical

“where” you are communicating – objects in the room

and their arrangement, location, noise level,

temperature, season, time of day.

Cultural Context – it includes all the learned behaviors

and rules that affect the interaction (bodily movement,

facial expression, gesture, distance, and eye contact

vary in different cultures).

“Once you have uttered something, you can never take

it back, and its effects remain. Anyone who says that

apologies can heal the hurt caused by offensive

remarks is lying.”

ETHICS IN COMMUNICATION

Difference between morals and ethics

MORALS are personal codes while ethics are societal.

Morals are our own set of rules, so others are neither

expected nor required to follow them.

ETHICS, on the other hand, are rules accepted and

approved by society, so they are imposed upon

everyone.

TEN ETHICS IN COMMUNICATION

1. MUTUALITY - pay attention to the needs of others as

well as yours.

2. INDIVIDUAL DIGNITY – do not cause other person

embarrassment or a loss of dignity.

3. ACCURACY – ensure that others have accurate

information. Tell them everything they have a right and

need to know, not just what is true.

4. ACCESS TO INFORMATION – never bolster the

impact of your communication by preventing people

from communicating with one another or by hindering

access to the supporting information.

5. ACCOUNTABILITY – be responsible and

accountable for the consequences of your relationships

and communication.

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PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION

Midterm Reviewer

CHAPTER 1 – COMMUNICATION PROCESSSES,

PRINCIPLES AND ETHICS.

The word communication comes from commun which implies “something in common” and ication which suggests “understanding.” So, communication means a common of understanding of something. “Communication is the simultaneous sharing and creating of meaning through human symbolic interaction.” “It is a systematic process in which individual interact with and through symbols to create and interpret meanings.” “Communication is the process of creating and sharing meaning by using verbal and nonverbal symbols in varied context.” THE PROCESS OF COMMUNICATION SOURCE - this is you, the sender of the message. To be a good sender, you have to know exactly what information you want to communicate, why you have been chosen that particular information, and what result you expect from that message. MESSAGE – this is the information you want to convey; without it, you have no reason for communicating. The details of the information should be very clear to you before you communicate it. DECODING – this is the receiver’s mental processing of your message into the meaning suggested by the verbal and/or nonverbal symbols you use as sender. To be able to do this, he needs to get an accurate picture of the message. RECEIVER – this is the person or group of people who will get your message. FEEDBACK – this is the receiver’s response to your message. If you get your desired results, the communication is successful; otherwise, the communication fails. When this happens, you have to find out why it is unsuccessful, learn from your mistakes, and strive to do better next time. CONTEXT – this refers to the situation in which the communication takes places. It includes: a. environment (the location, time of the day, temperature) b. he relationship between the communicators c. cultural backgrounds d. topic SOURCE – > message – > ENCODING – > message – > CHANNEL – > message – > DECODING – > message

RECEIVER – > feedback - > SOURCE THE KEY PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNICATION Interpersonal communication is inescapable. Interpersonal communication is irreversible. Interpersonal communication is complicated. What makes communication even more complicated? You are actually communicating with at least “six people”.

The person whom you think you are.
The person whom you think the other person is.
The person whom you think the other person thinks you are.
The person whom you think the other person thinks he is.
The person whom the other person thinks you think you are. The person whom the other person thinks you think he is. Interpersonal communication is contextual. Relational Contexts – (your reactions to other person based on your relationship- boss, colleague, friend, sibling.) Psychological Contexts – (your desire, values, beliefs, and personality) Situational Context – it deals with the psycho-social “where” you are communicating. An interaction that takes place in a classroom, which is quite formal, will be very different from one that takes place in a bar, which is very informal. Environmental Context - it refers to the physical “where” you are communicating – objects in the room and their arrangement, location, noise level, temperature, season, time of day. Cultural Context – it includes all the learned behaviors and rules that affect the interaction (bodily movement, facial expression, gesture, distance, and eye contact vary in different cultures). “Once you have uttered something, you can never take it back, and its effects remain. Anyone who says that apologies can heal the hurt caused by offensive remarks is lying.” ETHICS IN COMMUNICATION Difference between morals and ethics MORALS are personal codes while ethics are societal. Morals are our own set of rules, so others are neither expected nor required to follow them. ETHICS , on the other hand, are rules accepted and approved by society, so they are imposed upon everyone. TEN ETHICS IN COMMUNICATION
MUTUALITY - pay attention to the needs of others as well as yours.
INDIVIDUAL DIGNITY – do not cause other person embarrassment or a loss of dignity.
ACCURACY – ensure that others have accurate information. Tell them everything they have a right and need to know, not just what is true.
ACCESS TO INFORMATION – never bolster the impact of your communication by preventing people from communicating with one another or by hindering access to the supporting information.
ACCOUNTABILITY – be responsible and accountable for the consequences of your relationships and communication.

AUDIENCE – as audience or receiver of information, you also have ethical responsibilities. A good rule is the 200 % rule where both the sender and the receiver have full or 100% responsibility to ensure that the message is understood, and that ethics are followed.
RELATIVE TRUTH – as either sender or receiver of information, remember that your own point of view may not be shared by others and that your conclusions are relative to your perspectives, so allow others to respectfully disagree or see it differently.
END VS MEANS – be sure that the end goal of your communication and the means of getting to that end are both ethical although no rule can be applied without reservation to any situation.
USE OF POWER – in situations where you have more power than others, you also have the responsibility for the outcome.
RIGHTS VS RESPONSIBILITIES – balance your rights against your responsibilities even if you live in a wonderful society where your rights are protected by law; not everything you have a right to do is ethical. CHAPTER 2 – COMMUNICATION AND GLOBALIZATION GLOBALIZATION – it is the process of bringing people together and making them interact and exchange ideas across traditional borders. (Nowaczyk, 2017) Globalization is the increasing economic, political and cultural integration and interdependence of diverse cultures. (Gamble and Gamble 2013) CULTURE - is the learned and shared behavior of a community of interacting human beings. Culture is a learned set of shared interpretations about beliefs, values, and norms that affect the behaviors of a relatively large people. The preceding definitions mean that we are all part of various “groups” and “subgroups” that can be characterized by: a. nationality g. social class b. language h. region c. gender i. profession d. age or generation e. ethnicity f. religion **CHARACTERISTICS OF CULTURE
Cultures are learned, not innate.** We think and act as Filipinos because our parents brought us up this way. We acquired knowledge and understanding of our cultural norms from our parents, teachers, relatives and friends. 2. Cultures are shared. We act as members of our own cultural group, not as individuals, because belong to a culture means following the norms of the group. Fitting into a group means acceptance and fellowship, and it provides us members with feelings of security and love. 3. Cultures are multifaceted. We are surrounded by cultural norms that affect language, religion, basic world view, education, technology, social organization, politics and law, all interacting with one another. Behaviors and things common to people who live together in social groups are considered cultural universals, but the performance of these activities and things differs dramatically from culture to culture. 4. Cultures are dynamic. Cultures constantly change as cultural contact increases, new technologies emerge, and economic conditions vary Globalization has greatly changed relationships of nations and governments. Cell phones have drastically changed interpersonal communication, and the availability of the Internet has affected how people of varied cultures recognize and respect their differences. 5. Cultural identities are overlapping. We belong to multiple, overlapping cultures as we interact with one another. Some of these cultures work together while others clash. We all belong to national, regional, social class, ethnic, professional, religious, and gender cultures. ADAPTATION TO NEW CULTURES 1. Cultural integration – is a form of cultural exchange in which one group assumes the beliefs, practices of another group without sacrificing the characteristics of its own culture. 2. Cultural assimilation occurs when members of one cultural group adopt the language, practices, and beliefs of another group, often losing aspects of their traditional culture in the process. Ex: Immigrants voluntarily adopt their new country’s language. The counterpart of cultural assimilation is multiculturalism , in which cultural diversity is encouraged and valued as beneficial to the society. MULTICULTURALISM is the belief that cultures, races, and ethnicities, particularly those of minority groups, should be accorded special acknowledgment of their differences within a dominant political culture. 3. Cultural accommodation refers to the process by which individuals may take on values and beliefs of the host culture and accommodate them in the public sphere while maintaining the parent culture in the private sphere. Ex: Filipinos who migrate to another country speak their native language at home but outside, they use the language of the receiving country. THE NATURE OF COMMON CULTURAL DIFFERENCES 1. LEADERSHIP. The key characteristic of leadership is power or influence the right to manipulate the outcome of

BARRIERS TO EFFECTIVE INTERNATIONAL

COMMUNICATION

1. ETHNOCENTRISM

Ethnocentrism refers to the belief that a person’s culture (his “in group” culture), is much better than any other group’s culture (“out group” culture), and the tendency is for that person to judge any “out group culture by using the norms of his “in group” culture. If our ethnocentricity is high, the effect is If it is low, the effect is positive. You are interested to interact with those belonging to the “out group.”

2. STEREOTYPES AND PREJUDICES Stereotyping and being prejudiced against cultural groups are the main barriers to intercultural communication. The negative characteristics attributed to one group can cause beliefs and feelings that lead to biases and discrimination against that group. The discriminated group often suffers from being rejected and avoided in cross cultural interactions.

STEREOTYPES are often generalized negative traits assigned to a group of people (e.g., race, nationality, social class, sexual orientation, age, gender) even if these traits may only reflect a selected few of the group Simply said, a stereotype is a generalization of a group of people based on a small sample of these people Stereotyping or classifying an entire group of people or culture with defining characteristics, which are usually unfair and untrue, is much easier than explaining the complexities of the uniqueness of specific situations and the individual differences essential in each event. 4. PREJUDICE , an offshoot of stereotypes, is an unfair thought, belief, or feeling of dislike for a person or group because of race, nationality, gender, sexual orientation, age, religion, and so on. It is a negative preconceived opinion held by one group toward members of another group that biases perception and provides a reason for discrimination. 5. ASSUMED SIMILARITIES. An assumption of similarity is a baseless, unreasonable refusal to see cultural differences where they exist. This happens when members of one group assume that all groups behave the same way that what is true to their culture is also true to all other cultures. This results in insensitivity to cultural differences. 6. ANXIETY Intercultural communication anxiety is the fear or apprehension associated with either real or anticipated communication with people from another cultural group. The fear is often caused by differences in language ability, verbal and nonverbal communication styles, and expression of emotions. Both “in group” and “out group” cultures may experience feelings of impatience, frustration, and suspicion, while communicating or even in anticipation of the interaction, which can then increase anxiety in both parties. **IMPACT OF TECHNOLOGY ON COMMUNICATION
Technology provides us with unlimited Information.** Internet provides convenient and fast means of getting information. 2. It creates opportunities for meeting new people. Many online applications enable us to meet new people anytime anywhere in the world. 3. It helps us keep in touch with family and friends anywhere in the world Computers, smartphones, iPads, and email allow us to communicate quickly and easily. 4. It brings new diversity to our culture and our lives. The pace of change caused by technology is simply amazing Google recipes, and you can put sumptuous meals on the dining table. Your cellphone, with its digital camera, has replaced the film camera. 5. It fosters better cooperation among different cultural groups. New technologies help companies extend participation on a project to an ever greater number of people, allowing firms to tap into a wide body of knowledge and expertise. 6. It isolates us. Cellphones take us away from the people we love. 7. It can make us create second lives. Millions of people find solace in virtual communities where they have found a second life You might have heard of Sim City, Farmville, and Cities Skylines In these social networking sites, users create or choose avatars to interact with other users in anywhere in the world.

CHAPTER 3 – CULTURALLY APPROPRIATE

TERMS, EXPRESSIONS, IMAGES

“Every country has its own way of saying things. The important thing is that which lies behind people’s words.” (Freya Stark, n.d.) Cultural differences result in misunderstanding, and “ language, more than anything else, is at the heart of culture .” The previous statement implies that being proficient in English does not guarantee our being able to understand what another speaker of English is trying to communicate unless we become fully aware of how that speaker uses English based on his own culture. Differences are also found in:

Pronunciation
Spelling World Englishes and English as international language. In the present era of high technology, the issue on culture and use of English has become more complicated than what it seems because of the emergence of the now recognized “World Englishes.” These varieties of English are used by three identified “concentric circles” of societies. The Inner Circle covers the native English speaking countries such as: England USA Canada Australia New Zealand The Outer Circle comprises the former colonies such as: India Malaysia Africa Singapore Nigeria Philippines Pakistan Bangladesh The Expanding Circle consists of countries such as: China Saudi Arabia Japan Korea Germany Taiwan Turkey Egypt Israel When turning to other circles, the question of what counts as a language and what may be considered a variety of English is somewhat intricate. Pidgins and Creoles belong to this issue. Pidgins are used as lingua franca for trade or any other practical interaction. A PIDGIN uses words from the languages of communicators to understand each other, but it is not the language of either communicator. The pidgin is a “ little more than strings of nouns, verbs and adjectives, often arranged to place old, shared information first and new information later in the sentence .” The language providing vocabulary is called lexifier, and the language that provides the syntactic structure is call the substrate. After an extended period of using a pidgin in a community, when the pidgin becomes more fully developed and serves as the language community, it becomes a “ CREOLE .” Example of Hawaian Creole Bible text. Day Numba One “Den God say, ‘I like the light shine!’ an the light start to shine. God see how good da light. Den he put the light on one side, and da dark on da odda side. Da light time, he give um da name ‘Day time.’ Da dark time, he give um da name ‘Nite time.’ So, had da nite time and day time, az day numba one. In the process of learning English as either a second language or a foreign language, people from the outer and expanding circles develop an interlanguage, a “learner language” that deviates from the norms of the target language. This is a TRANSITIONAL LINGUISTIC SYSTEM at all levels ( Phonology, Morphology, Syntax, Semantics, Pragmatics ). The Interlanguage results from a several language- learning processes, such as borrowing patterns from the mother tongue, extending patterns from the target language, and expressing meanings using the words and grammar that are already known. In Philippine English , we hear many Filipinos saying sentences like the following: ❖ I already ate. (Kumain na ako.) ❖ He will come with us, isn’t it? (Sasama siya sa atin, hindi ❖ ba?) ❖ One of my classmate is inside. (Isa sa mga kaklase ko ay nasa loob.) ❖ They will come there. (Pupunta sila doon). Example of Indian English: ❖ You have taken my book, isn’t it? ❖ You are soon going home, isn’t it? In India English , the meaning of the tag in tag questions is its social meaning not the meaning of the main proposition (or the independent clause) as expected in American or British English. The two examples show how the linguistic for is affected by cultural constraints of politeness in India. The tag (isn’t it) is governed by the politeness principle of non- imposition. In standard American or British English , tag questions are formed by using the subject of the independent clause and an appropriate modal auxiliary such as:

AMERICAN ENGLISH

first floor second floor elevator apartment parking lot diaper

BRITISH ENGLISH

ground floor first floor lift flat car park nappy

CHAPTER 4 – EVALUATING MESSAGES AND/OR

TEXT

THE TEXT OR MESSAGE

MESSAGE is the information conveyed in the communication process. It comprises verbal and/or nonverbal content, which may be spoken, written or manual (for sign language). Message refers to any recorded message such as writing, audio recording, audio and video recording that is physically independent of its sender or receiver. Medium includes such broad categories as speech and writing or print and broadcasting, or relate to specific technical forms with the mass media (radio, television, newspapers, magazines, photographs, films and records). In order to produce quality text, you need to consider the following: o Text type o Purpose o Audience These factors have implications for structure, language, and presentation. STRUCTURE refers to how the information is organized. You may use text genres (kinds of texts based on its development): texts using logical order such as exposition ex: cause and effect, comparison, analogy, definition, classification, problem solution, persuasion. Texts using chronological or time order: o Narration o Process Texts using spatial or space order: o Description LANGUAGE is the means by which the information is expressed verbally and/or nonverbally. Ideas may be conveyed using any of the five language registers: very formal, formal, neutral, informal, or very Informal. The formality of vocabulary, grammar, and mechanics needed are dictated by the register you are to use. PRESENTATION covers the layout, format, length, oral delivery (voice, body language, timing) and any other conventions, such as spelling and referencing. SEMIOTIC AND TEXT ANALYSIS SEMIOTICS is concerned with “everything that can be taken as a sign.” It involves the study not only of what we refer to as “signs” in everyday speech, but of anything which stands for something else; in a sense, signs take the form of words, images, sounds, gestures, and objects. Signs consist of signifiers ( sounds and images ) and signifieds ( concepts ). The sign is the whole that results from the association of the signifier with the signified. The relationship between the signifier and the signified is referred to as signification. For example, if you hear the sounds represented by the letters “b o y” or a picture of a boy (the signifier), you think of a concept “male child” (the signified). Together, the sounds of the word (or the picture) and the concept created by the sounds form a sign. SEMIOSIS , a term borrowed from Charles Sanders Peirce , is the process by which a culture produces signs and/or assigns meaning to signs. Semiotics can be understood as the “mental concept it represents, which is common to all members of the same culture, who share the same language.” Semiotics, therefore refers to a kind of social interaction among individuals who try to make sense out of the different interpretation possibilities of the sign. Language, as a sign, creates misunderstanding when used by second language users. Errors are often seen in translation. Ex: “Come Alive with the Pepsi Generation” was literally translated in Germany as “Rise from the grave with Pepsi. In China , it was translated as “Pepsi brings your ancestors back from the grave.” MASS MEDIA AND MULTIMODAL TEXTS MASS MEDIA refers to the type of communication that uses technology to simultaneously reach a wide audience. A text is multimodal when it combines two or more of the five semiotic system. 1. Linguistic or textual system , comprising aspects, such as vocabulary, generic structure, and the grammar of oral and written language. 2. Visual system , consisting of aspects, such as color, vectors, and viewpoint in still and moving images. 3. Audio system , with aspects, such as volume, pitch, and rhythm of music and sound effect. 5. Gestural system , including aspects, such as movement, speed, and stillness in facial expression and body language. 6. Spatial system , covering aspects, such as proximity, direction, position of layout, and organization of objects in space. Examples of multimodal texts which be delivered via different media or technologies: a. Picture book , in which the textual and visual elements are arranged on individual pages that contribute to an overall set of bound pages. b. Web page , in which elements, such as sound effects, oral language, written language, music, and still or moving images are combined. c. Live ballet performance , in which gesture, music, and space are the main elements. Irish Joy Barte, Archi 2C

PURPOSSIVE COMMUNICATION MIDTERM REVIEWER, Lecture notes of Educational Psychology

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Download PURPOSSIVE COMMUNICATION MIDTERM REVIEWER and more Lecture notes Educational Psychology in PDF only on Docsity!

PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION

Midterm Reviewer

CHAPTER 1 – COMMUNICATION PROCESSSES,

PRINCIPLES AND ETHICS.

BARRIERS TO EFFECTIVE INTERNATIONAL

COMMUNICATION

1. ETHNOCENTRISM

CHAPTER 3 – CULTURALLY APPROPRIATE

TERMS, EXPRESSIONS, IMAGES

AMERICAN ENGLISH

BRITISH ENGLISH

CHAPTER 4 – EVALUATING MESSAGES AND/OR

TEXT

THE TEXT OR MESSAGE