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As defined by Cambridge Dictionary, communication is the process by which messages or information are sent from one person or place to another. Additionally, communication is the exchange of information and the expression of feeling that can result in understanding (Cambridge Dictionary). From its two definitions, the first one tells communication is about transmitting a message, and the second one emphasizes ‘comprehension’ as the purpose of communication. Communication is regarded as the backbone of society. Basically, there is no society without communication. Man, as a member of the society, partake in communication as a normal part of daily living. As said by Aristotle, “Man by nature is a social animal; an individual who is unsocial naturally and not accidentally is either beneath our notice or more than human. Society is something that preceded the individual. Anyone who either cannot lead the common life or is so self-sufficient as not to need to, and therefore does not partake society, is either a beast or a god.” Hence, communication is a customary routine we do every single day. When asked about what communication is, people first think about verbal communication where the sender speaks and the receiver listens, vice versa. However, communication is more than speaking and listening but it also comes in many forms: verbal, aural, non-verbal, written and visual. Any of the said forms may be useful in achieving effective communication by ensuring that the content of the message is not changed. Verbal communication is the most usual and most used form wherein we use our language through sounds and tone of voice to deliver messages. Aural communication consists of listening and hearing. Non-verbal communication consists of what is not heard but seen such as facial expression, gestures, behavior towards the sender/receiver and the like. Written communication is common in businesses and workplace where communicators are geographically away from each other. It may be in the forms of email, text messages, instant messages, blogs, and others. Visual communication entails signs, symbols, pictures, graphics, and emojis.
COMMUNICATION PROCESSES,
PRINCIPLES, AND ETHICS
LESSON 1:
TOPICS
_1. Communication Process
- Communication Barriers
- Communication Skills
- Communication Principles_
- Communication Ethics LEARNING OUTCOMES At the end of the lesson, you should be able to: _1. Explain how communication works
- Define all the elements of communication and how they affect communication
- Interpret the principles of communication
- Demonstrate the communication ethics
- Describe the functions of verbal and non-verbal communication in various and multicultural contexts_
TOPIC 1: COMMUNICATION PROCESS
A. COMMUNICATION PROCESS
To say that communication is a one way and linear process is a myth. It is actually a complex process which contains many elements. First, there should be a source who is called as the sender. The sender shall know why communication is needed and what form of communication is necessary to achieve the purpose. (Some references consider ‘stimuli’ as the initial source of the message which refer to anything which the source/sender has seen, heard, touched, smelled, tasted, or perceived that sparks him to create and send a message.) Second, the message. It is the information, idea, opinion, feeling, that the source has created for the consumption of the receiver. The message is the reason why communication is needed. Third, encoding. Encoding is the process of creating the message in the format that could be understood by the receiver of the message. In this process, the sender must consider some information about the receiver such as the context and the age to determine the use of a number of factors to be used such as language, the level of the language, and the method and form of communication. Also, in this process, the sender must ensure that the message contains all the necessary information needed. Fourth, channel – the method of communication. The method can be face-to-face which uses the oral and aural form; text message which uses the written and visual; and can be non- verbal (facial expression, gesture, etc.). Fifth, receiver. The receiver is target recipient of the message. He is responsible in taking in the accurate meaning of the message by eliminating possible distractions. He may fail in decoding the correct meaning as he has a different filter, schema, and level of understanding. Sixth, decoding. If encoding is the creation of the message, decoding, on the other hand, is the process of accurately understanding the message received. In this phase, the receiver must be able to eliminate barriers that could impede the precise understanding of the message. Seventh, feedback – the response of the receiver to the sender. The feedback helps the sender measure the success of communication process; and lets him adjust the message the next time around for proper consumption of the receiver. Eight, context. This refers to the general environment the sender and receiver are in, their relationship, and their culture. Context dictates their manner of communicating, the verbal/written/non-verbal language they employ, and their behavior in communication process. Lastly, the noise, which represents all the physical, psychological, or even interpersonal barriers that may act as interference in achieving effective communication.
Instructions: Provide real life discourse to illustrate the following communication models. Illustrate the different elements present.
- Aristotle’s Model of Communication
- Shannon-Weaver Communication Cycle
- Schramm Model of Communication
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message, and the like. Closed mind and filtering – we may not be aware but most of us let this barrier win over us. Sometimes, instead of giving our undivided attention to whoever is speaking, we tend to assess the credibility of the speaker and question everything he is saying. That may hinder us from absorbing information/messages. C. Interpersonal Barriers Gender issues. Gender issues act as barrier when we distrust the honesty of the speaker because of their gender. For instance, women will prefer to listen to the women when it comes to skincare routine, rather than to men since they may generalize that women know better in such topic more than men. Competition. Competition may be physical: when noise is much louder than the message intended to be listened at; and it may be psychological, when our attention is driven to others while listening; and it may be interpersonal, when we regard ourselves as superior to others that we fail to be open minded. Culture. Our ethnic, religious, and social differences may greatly affect effective communication. Our culture dictates our way of communicating to people, hence differences in culture may bring about conflicts.
1) Reflection Paper A. Create a reflection on the most common barriers you encounter in communication. B. Use the following questions as guide in your reflection. a. Do you always deliver your messages across to the person you are talking with? b. What hindrances or factors affect the message to be delivered effectively? c. Do you always understand the messages delivered by the person you are talking with? d. Do you experience difficulty in understanding the message? e. What are the most common problems do you encounter when communicating? f. What solutions did you incorporate to overcome the barriers? C. Your composition shall not be less than seven paragraphs. Have a sound introduction and conclusion. D. Make your own title for the composition. E. The same rubric will be followed.
Communication barriers are inevitable. They appear/occur anywhere and anytime hindering us from encoding and decoding meanings. Hence, as communicators, it is imperative that we develop certain skills that may help us in creating and digesting meanings. WikiJob 2019 released Top 10 communication skills that we must develop in ourselves in order to be effective communicators:
1. Emotional Intelligence Emotional intelligence is the ability to understand and manage your emotions so as to communicate effectively, avoid stress, overcome challenges and empathize with others. It’s a skill which is learned over time rather than obtained. There are four main strands to emotional intelligence: self-awareness, self-management, social awareness and relationship management. Each of these strands is important in its own way and allows you to communicate confidently with a variety of people.
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TOPIC 3: COMMUNICATION SKILLS
2. Cohesion and Clarity Good communication is much more than saying the right thing; it is about communicating messages clearly and concisely. Before you start a conversation, type an email or begin a discussion, have in mind what the purpose of the communication is and what information you hope to obtain as a result. Lack of clarity and cohesion can result in poor decisions and confusion. 3. Friendliness In any type of communication, make sure that you set the right tone. A friendly tone will encourage others to communicate with you. Always try to personalize messages, particularly when working with partners or fellow colleagues. 4. Confidence In all interactions, confidence (but not over-confidence) is crucial. Demonstrating confidence will give customers faith in your abilities to deliver what they need, and that you will follow through with what you have promised. Be careful not to come across as aggressive, since this will have the opposite effect of what you are hoping to achieve. 5. Empathy Empathy is also beneficial when speaking with customers in certain types of customer- facing role. The goal here is to understand where the other person is coming from – and respect their views even if they are very different from your own. 6. Respect Empathy leads into the next communication skill, respect. If you respect the ideas and opinions of others, they will be more likely to communicate with you. Active listening or simply using the name of the person you are speaking to can both be effective. Make sure that when you type emails, you don’t sound insincere or write in a way that is insincere. 7. Listening Good communication is all about listening effectively. Take the time to listen to what the other person is saying and practice active listening. 8. Open-Mindedness Try to enter into communications without having an agenda. Strong communications require an open mind and a commitment to understanding other people’s points of view. If you disagree with the people you are speaking to, try to reach a middle ground that benefits all parties. 9. Tone of Voice The tone of your voice can set the whole mood of the conversation. If you start the discussion in an aggressive or unhelpful manner, the recipient will be more inclined to respond in a similar way. The tone of your voice will include the level of emotion that you use, the volume you use and the level of communication you choose. The same sentence can have a very different meaning depending on which words are emphasized and the tone of your voice. 10. Asking Good Questions Good questions can help conversations flow and improve the outcome. During a conversation, always aim to ask open-ended questions. These are questions with prompts which encourage the recipient to speak about certain points and they require more detailed responses. If you need further information still, you can use probing questions which request even more information from the recipient such as ‘Tell me the process of…” During the conversation include a mixture of questions including clarification, ‘what if’ scenarios and open-ended questions to make sure that you achieve what you set out to do at the beginning of the call or conversation.
I. COMMUNICATION STYLES
Every individual has unique styles and ways of presenting information, expressing emotions, understanding messages, and overcoming barriers. Some people are very talkative while some are timid; some people are aggressive while some are attentive and sympathetic; and some are straight to the point while some are elaborated. Each of the styles may be dictated by the culture, society, and personality of the individual. These communication styles tell about their choices and strategies on how to deal with people and communicate with them. Dr. Aileen M. Russo developed a communication matrix which shows four communication styles: spirited, considerate, direct, and systematic. These four styles are further categorized into two different dimensions: assertiveness and expressiveness. Assertiveness and expressiveness are further classified into two levels: high and low. People with high assertiveness are fond of ‘telling’ while those with low assertiveness are fond of ‘asking’. People with high expressiveness tend to ‘show emotions’ while those with low expressiveness are likely to ‘hide emotions.’ The combination of these levels result to the basic communication styles: Spirited = high expressiveness + high assertiveness Considerate = high expressiveness + low assertiveness Direct = low expressiveness + high assertiveness Systematic = low expressiveness + low assertiveness A. SPIRITED Persuasive Is a good story-teller Focuses on the big picture Uses motivational speech
Tips for People with Spirited Communication Style: Respect decisions and agenda Limit personal anecdotes that may be off-topic Allow others to contribute their ideas and suggestions – listen genuinely Be certain that any request you give is clear and that you convey the reason for such request Communicate appreciation B. CONSIDERATE Listens well Is a good counselor Uses supportive language Builds trust
TOPIC 5: COMMUNICATION ETHICS
Tips for People with Considerate Communication Style: Be open-minded to the ideas of others Respect personal space (not everyone shares personal details) Allow others to share personal matters before asking them Understand that you don’t have to be friends with everyone but make sure to respect others and treat them professionally C. DIRECT Gets to the bottom line Speaks forcefully Maintains eye contact Presents position strongly Tips for People with Direct Communication Style: Avoid interruption. Listen Allow time ‘chatting’ at the beginning Recognize that others also have to express themselves Consider brainstorming as helpful tool in generating ideas Show appreciation D. SYSTEMATIC Presents ideas precisely Focus on facts and not elaborated Efficient on speech Well organized workplace Tips for People with Direct Communication Style: Avoid interruption. Listen Allow time ‘chatting’ at the beginning Recognize that others also have to express themselves Consider brainstorming as helpful tool in generating ideas Show appreciation
WHO ARE YOU IN COMMUNICATION?
- Conduct a survey on how you are like in communication: if you are direct, systematic, spirited, or considerate.
- Ask at least 20 people from your family, friends, and classmates through text message or messenger.
- When everyone has sent their comments, consolidate their answer and write your reaction/reflection. Be guided by the following: a. Do you agree on what your classmates have written? Why? b. Do you not agree? Why not? c. Narrate how you communicate at home and at school. d. Your composition shall not be less than seven paragraphs. Have a sound introduction and conclusion. e. Make your own title for the composition. f. The same rubrics will be used.
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2. Avoiding Prejudice Most people bring their past experiences into communication situation. Sometimes, they pitch in existing information because they learned in the past that adding information makes communication better. There are times when they do not contribute anything because of a possible past experience when their inputs were considered or valued. In any case, people enter into a communicative situation with certain expectations, and they behave or react accordingly. Past experiences inevitably affect people’s communication styles in the future. When their audience responded positively to their message, chances of them repeating the same style are relatively high. However, when they were turned down or given negative feedback, this will definitely influence how they deliver the message next time. Past Experiences: Effect to Communication: You have experienced to be treated improperly in one government office.
You hesitate to transact in government offices, and may overgeneralize government officials. Your colleague gas forgotten some important information many times in the past.
You give him/her reminders every now and then to avoid messing up again. Your professor ignored your inputs last session. You don’t provide inputs anymore. Or You study better to provide better inputs. Your teammates reacted positively to your strategy.
You use the same strategy in a similar situation.
Your parents scolded you for speaking very informally to your grandparents.
You use a more formal and respectful tone the next time around.
Prejudice, on the other hand, happens when people take their past experiences and make certain assumptions that the same experience will happen with the same people, given the same context. Prejudice may be attributed to culture or personal preferences. Not all prejudices have a negative characteristic, as a person might consider all members of a group to be smart even without meeting them individually. It must be noted, however, that effective communicators should avoid prejudices because it influences the communication process even before it begins. Prejudice happen when people isolate an experience with one type of person or one group of people, then behave as if all encounters with people of the same “type”, or at least with the same characteristics, will lead to the same experiences. This eliminates people’s personal identity and individuality. There could be prejudices as regards to age, gender orientation, religious belief, race, social economic status, and physical conditions. Effective communicators view people as separate from preconceived notions others may have about them. They see the value of the individual as a person of worth, and thus will respect that individuality.
3. Showing commitment and genuine interest A key component of ethical communication is showing commitment in the communicative situation. Being committed means giving sufficient time and resources to any discussion or conversation, and being open about any issue that may arise. Commitment also involves volunteering important information, even if it puts a person’s own short-term interests at risk, as long as it is for the benefit of the majority especially in the long run. Encouraging a communicative environment of trust can go a long way in promoting ethical communication in any academic or business setting.
THE BELLY BUTTON PSYCHE
It is clear that the two major elements affecting ethical communication are the use of words or language, and one’s behavior or body language. The second element – body language
- may be enhanced through the ‘Belly Button Psyche’ which is believed to communicate true interest while engaging in face-to-face communication. The origin of the rule dates back to the 1930’s and since then, numerous scientists and body language experts have honed the theory. Most notably, Dr. Albert Mehrabian, a professor of Psychology at UCLA said that the betty button rule is a vital indicator in reading a person’s intention. Simply put, the rule means the direction of a person’s navel reflects his/her true interest. Here is the basic explanation of the rule: When people are interested in you and what you have to say, they will point their belly button directly as you talk. That shows that they are focused and they are engaged on what you have to say. Although we commit to this act without being aware, the fact is that we can consider this rule when we are having a conversation with people who are special to us. If you have something important to discuss, begin by pointing your belly button exactly to their direction. This act may signal your interest to the person you are talking with and may also encourage others to give attention. Listening to others may signal how much value we give them. This may help us a lot in building relationship people. 4. Respecting socio-cultural beliefs and practices of others The concept of globalization is not new, but people somehow fail to realize that this is not confined to technology or bridging the world and making it a virtual community. Platforms such as the social media show us the different beliefs and practices among the globe. Some may be similar to what we believe in but most may be in contrast with ours. Such truth shall not be the barrier of mutual understanding and harmonious relationship among nations. Instead, learning about others’ different beliefs and practices should make us become more respectful of others, being sensitive in communicating with them, and becoming open- minded. Being one global village does not mean that we shall follow similar perspective, attitude, and practices but it means that we work for the common good and establish harmonious relationship despite the diversity.
I. ELCANO AND MAGELLAN: A REFLECTION
- Evaluate this movie poster of Elcano and Magellan. Be guided by the following questions: a. What is the main message of the poster? b. What is the role of Magellan as reflected in the poster? c. Why do you say that such is Magellan’s role? d. Are you personally offended about the poster? Explain. e. Is the poster ethical?
- Write your reflection in not more than five paragraphs, with introduction and ending.
3) The same rubrics shall be followed.
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1. Virtual Interactions. The birth of online platforms also gave birth to virtual communication and interaction. It allowed us to communicate to people across the globe be it for personal and professional purposes. Today, people has acquainted themselves in the virtual village – where one can shop, study, and even do business through the use of technology as laptop computers, cellphones, tablets, smartphones, and most importantly, INTERNET. 2. Cultural Awareness in Speech. Even when two people are speaking the same language, cultural differences can affect vocabulary, colloquial expressions, voice tone and taboo topics. In Japanese business culture, for example, it can be considered rude to ask personal questions in an initial business meeting. In the U.S., on the other hand, asking personal questions and sharing personal information can display warmth and openness. 3. Cultural Awareness in Body Language. Awareness of cultural differences in body language can be just as important as the nuances of speech. Modern training programs teach students to understand acceptable speaking distances, conflict styles, eye contact and posture in different cultures, accepting that the physical expressions of their own culture are not universally accepted. 4. Cultural Awareness in printed objects (ad). Technology also makes it easier to connect with suppliers and customers all over the world, and to streamline those relationships through improved ordering, shipment tracking and so on. With this kind of communication technology, many businesses are able to take advantage of opportunities in different countries or cities, improving the economic outlook on a global level.
Some staff at the African port of Stevadores saw the supposedly internationally- recognized symbol for “fragile” (i.e. broken wine glass). Since in their culture, they treat the pictures printed on packages to be representation of what’s inside, they thought that it was a box of broken glasses and threw all the boxes into the sea.
When Gerber started selling this product to Africa and the Middle East, people in those countries believed that the product contains a baby/part of a baby in it.
“CONNECT IT TO YOUR LIFE”
1) Watch this video of Sherry Turkle entitled Connected but Alone from YouTube:
https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=sherry+turkle+connected+but+alone
2) Note five of the most striking lines that
caught your attention.
3) Reflect on the lines: “Can you personally
relate on the lines? Cite your experiences.”
4) Write an essay with seven paragraphs.
5) Give the piece an appropriate title.
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In the previous lesson, the effects of cultural and global issues to communication were highlighted, as well as the impact of effective communication to society and the world. This has highlighted the importance of exploring the concept of World Englishes.
World Englishes, as defined by Celce-Murcia in 2014, is the regionally distinct varieties of English that have arisen in parts of the world where there is a long and often colonial history of English being used in education, commerce, and government. Over time, this widespread uses of English – spoken side by side with local languages – has given rise to local varieties of English with their own standards.
Example: There are some 40 Filipino-coined words that were added in Oxford English Dictionary in 2015 categorized as Philippine English. This includes: ‘balikbayan’, ‘kilig’, ‘gimmick’, ‘despedida’, ‘dirty kitchen’, ‘high blood’, and ‘carnap’ among others.
What is the problem?
One major issue that has been raised with respect to those established varieties is that they are often not fully intelligible to users of other varieties of English. Kirkpatrick (2007) proposes a scale with two extremes that characterize this problem:
Extreme1: The goal of national or regional identity. People use a regional variety of English with its specific grammar, structure and vocabulary to affirm their own national or ethnic identity. For example: Only Filipinos use the terms: ‘masteral’; ‘senatoriable’, ‘congressman’, ‘chancing’ and ‘bed spacer’ among others, and use these when communicating with other Filipinos.
Extreme2: The goal of intelligibility. Users of regional variety should ideally be readily understood by users of English everywhere else in the world to fully participate in the use of language as international language. For example: Users of Filipino English have to understand that they have to use ‘bin’ instead of ‘trash can’; or ‘lift’ instead of ‘elevator’ when in a different country with British English.
The challenge is to find a good balance between the identity-intelligibility extremes. Hence, speakers of the English may resort to ‘code-switching’.
For example: Filipinos may use a strongly local version of Filipino English to communicate with fellow Filipinos using English as a medium; but they should use a weaker and more formal version when communicating with users of other varieties of English especially when international intelligibility is necessary.
TOPIC 2: LOCAL AND GLOBAL COMMUNICATION
IN A MULTICULTURAL SETTING
an attempt to ‘fit in’ with the dominant culture. They talk about topics usually discussed by members of the dominant group, and even dress similarly and go to the same places.
This can be harmful in the long run because they are slowly giving up their own identity and unconsciously adopting the behavioral patterns of the dominant culture.
In contrast, some people adopt the strategy of accommodation, wherein they attempt to maintain their original identity as they establish relationships with member of the dominant culture. For example, a gay or lesbian who takes his or her partner to an occasion attended by members of the dominant group is trying to establish his or her gender preference without concealing it from people.
In some instances, people simply isolate themselves from the dominant group and resist establishing relationships with them, which is called separation. Hassidic Jews, for example, restrain themselves from having contact with “outsiders” and prefer communicating only to the members of their culture. Locally, some of the Mangyan community here in Mindoro refuse to change their ways and insist that no outside culture should intervene with their practices and beliefs.
Other Examples:
Strategy Instances
Assimilation A non-coffee drinker drinking coffee with officemates A non-Catholic attending masses/ praying Our Father Accommodation Wearing a sari to work Adjusting work hours to pray as required in one’s religion Separation Eating lunch alone Refusing to sing the national anthem since it is against one’s belief Not attending Christmas party In communicating in a multi-cultural society; people must learn how to greet, when to speak and when to remain silent, how to behave under extreme emotions, how to gesture while speaking or while listening in a speech, how close to stand and sit with another person, how react with someone’s words, among others. These are situations when culture guides people’s behavior and communication styles, and enhances relationships and establishes camaraderie and goodwill.
“Guilty of Not Guilty?”
Evaluate yourself in terms of how ethnocentric or culturally relativist you are by determining whether you find yourself guilty of now on these statements below. Provide true to life experiences you had when interacting or at least when trying to interact with people from different culture.
- I find it challenging to cooperate with people with different beliefs and customs.
- I give more trust to those who share the same culture as I do; as compared to those who have different culture.
- I am afraid or anxious when I am midst people of a different culture.
- I can go out of my way just to go out of different cultures.
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- I tend to blame people of a different culture for causing harm than I am to blame people like me.
- I believe that people unlike me are a threat to my ability to success.
- I believe that people with different culture must exert effort to be immersed in my culture.
- I use only my frame of reference when assessing the appropriateness of behavior of people like and unlike me.
- I have a negative prejudice of people from another culture.
- I feel like people from different culture are inferior than me.
The following specific guidelines can enhance your ability to handle situations involving intercultural communication, and better prepare yourself to meet the communication challenges in an increasingly global environment.
- Refrain from forming expectations based solely on your culture. Each of us are from different cultural backgrounds which affect our ability to communicate. Understanding that we are not all alike, and accepting that others have different belief from us are the key to successful communication in a diverse society. Effective communication requires the speakers’ ability to internalize cultural relativism; to accept the idea of being multiculturalist; and to embrace differences.
- Remove personal biases or any stereotype that may impede understanding. As much as we do not want others to discriminate us; we shall not also do the same. As much as we do not want to be hurt because of other people’s judgment, we shall also avoid prejudices against others. Being an effective communicator requires eliminating all forms of barriers and seeing others as equal to us.
- Make a personal commitment to develop communication skills appropriate in a multicultural setting. Being a multiculturalist does not happen in one day – it takes time, effort, and practice. Effective communication in a diverse society cannot be guaranteed during the first encounter but it will require our personal willingness and dedication in acquiring necessary skills, using them, and improving them. Observing, understanding, and avoiding personal biases, can be lead to the acquisition of the skills needed.
EFFECTIVE CULTURAL COMMUNICATION
As of now, you might have already realized how important it is to be culturally sensitive and culturally aware when communicating in a multicultural and diverse society. As mentioned, the key is being aware of and practicing cultural relativism, cultural pluralism, and accommodation. Here are two more cultural differences which affect communication between those from the East and West, along with some suggestions as to how to find a middle ground.
I. Directness vs. Circumlocution For American and British cultures, clarity, completeness, and conciseness of communication are very favorable. As Chan (1999) explains it, she said that ideas shall be communication directly and clearly using few words as mandatory. For example, when expressing refusal or rejection to people from the Western cultures, we Asian should avoid
TOPIC 4: IMPROVING ONE’S ABILITY ON
INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION
Note: You may use any photo editing apps.
Sample Photo Essays:
Rubrics:
I. VARIETIES OF LANGUAGE
A variety refers to any variant of a language which can be sufficiently delimited from one another. It can result from social, historical and spatial aspects or the combination of these three.
- Pidgin - is a new language which develops in situations where speakers of different languages need to communicate but do not share a common language.
A lexifier is a particular language where the vocabulary of a pidgin comes from.
Examples: Nigerian pidgin Bislama (spoken in Vanuatu)
- Creole - is a pidgin that becomes the first language of the children and the mother tongue of a commuinity. Examples: Gullah Patwa (Jamaican creole) Pidgin (Hawai’I Creole English)
- Regional Dialect - is not a distinct language but a variety of a language spoken in a particular area of a country. Examples: Hillbilly English (from the Appalachians in the USA) Geordie (from the Newcastle upon Tyne in the UK)
- Minority Dialect - is a variety used as a marker of identity, usually alongside a standard variety, by the members of a particular minority ethnic group. Examples: African American Vernacular English in the USA London Jamaican in Britain Aboriginal English in Australia
- Indigenized Varieties - are spoken mainly as second languages in ex-colonies with multilingual populations. Examples: Singlish (spoken in Singapore) Filipino English British English
II. LANGUAGE REGISTERS
The word register refers to the level of formality in language that is identified by the context in which it is spoken or written. In other words, it means the variations in language based on whom we are talking with and in what setting. Register can indicate different intentions of the speaker. It can also be formal or informal.
TOPIC 5 : VARIETIES AND REGISTERS OF
SPOKEN AND WRITTEN LANGUAGE
