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- eR a HyYooe
BLIC ROADS inteHighway^ Research
lcspe oy We UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
BUREAUSOERSEU BIE LCAKOADS
Volume 15, No. 6 G. P. St. CLAIR,^ Editor August 1934 The reports of researchWhenever it is deemed possiblepublished to do so, generalizations in this magazine are necessarily are drawn from qualified by the conditions the results of the tests; of the tests from and, unless thiswhich is done, the conclusions the data are obtained. formulated must be considered as specifically pertinent only to described conditions
In This Issue (^) Page A Study of Oil- Treated’ Roads in. Coloradojand awyomine aman ee > 7) Power-choveli Operation in Highway. Grading) ee cnn enn nr | 227)
THE BUREAU OF PUBLIC] ROADS -7--- == TWillard@BuildingsWashinston =o sce REGIONAL HEADQUARTERS - - = = = = - —- =) Mark Sheldon Building San Erancisco,;Galit: v
DISTRIGISOREILGESS
DISTRICT No. 1. Oregon, Washington, and Montana. Post Office Building, Portland, Oreg. DISTRICT No. 7. Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky,South Chicago and Post Michigan. Office Building, Chicago, IIL
DISTRICT. No 2) Galfornan Ariconmend Nevada. DISTRICT No. 8. Alabama, and Tennessee. Georgia, Florida, Mississippi, South Carolina,
Federal Building, P.O. Box 60, Montgomery, Ala.
DISTRICT No, 3. Colorado, 237 NewCustom Mexico, House, Nineteenthand Wyoming. and Stout Sts., Denver. Colo. DISTRICT No. 9. Connecticut,Jersey, New Maine, York, Massachusetts,Rhode Island, andNew Vermont.Hampshire, New
Federal Building, Troy, N.Y.
DISTRICT No. 10. Delaware, Virginia, Maryland,and West Virginia.North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania,
Willard Building, Washington, D.C.
Mark Sheldon Building, 461 Market St., San Francisco, Calif.
DISTRICT No. 4. Minnesota, North Dakota, 907 PostSouth Office Dakota, Building, and St. Paul, Wisconsin. Minn
DISTRICT No. 5. Iowa, Kansas, Missouri, Saunders-Kennedy and Nebraska. Building, Omaha, Nebr. DISTRICT No. 11. Alaska.
DISTRICT No.6.Arkansas,Louisiana, Oklahoma, andTexas. DISTRIGIaINos 12 aldahovand^ Room Utaln419,^ Federal^ and^ Territorial^ Building,^ Juneau,^ Alaska.
Old (^) PostOfficeBuilding, FortWorth, Tex Federal Building,Ogden,Utah, --———————eee
other^ Because thanof Statethe^ necessarilyand county^ limitedofficials^ editionactually^ ofthisengagedpublication it isimpossible to distribute itfree toany^ person orinstitutions neering, and periodicals upon an exchange basis. Atintheplanning present ortimeconstructing additions^ publicto thehighways,free mailinginstructorslistcan^ beinhighwaymade onlyengi- vacancies occur. Those desiringtoobtain Pustic Roaps can dosobysending $1per year (foreign subscription$1.50),or 10 centsas Soeper^ single copy, tothe Superintendent ofDocuments,^ United States Government Printing Office,Washington,^ D.C. eo] CERTIFICATE: ]]] 59 aaa Bydirectionofthe and Secretaryis requiredof forAgriculture, the proper the transactionmatter contained of the publicherein businessispublishedasadministrative information
A STUDY OF OIL-TREATED ROADS IN COLORADO AND WYOMING
BY THE DIVISION OF TESTS, U.S. BUREAU OF PUBLIC ROADS
Reported by C. A. CARPENTER, Assistant Civil Engineer, Bureau of Public Roads
N mately JULY 1501933 miles an of oil-processedinspection was maderoads in northernof approxi-
U ColoradoS 30, 40,^ 85,and andsoutheastern 285, and ColoradoWyoming. 7 and^ Parts 14 were^ of
includedof the projectsin the studiedsurvey. andThe thelocations number and of mileagessamples
taken are given in the following tabulation:
)| (^) : ]|Num Route Location‘^ Mile-age (^) samplesberof Wolorado. Molorado HUES 30 Seek 7 2ose2----14> 222= 220 Boulders.Hort@heyennes Collins, ©oloteesc. Wyov easteas= Colo. (^) to Ault;=eee aeesa 2 Colosssa2222- teeoe (^) oeeee ee ee=> (^184) oa (^621) WES: HUES LOE tspe-cijeee 40° N 2:SO seen 2282SeS eeesee eae es BerthoudAult,Fort Collins,Colo., thass toColo., Cheyenne,© oloesesnowe to Laramie, Wyo-------------een) Wyo_------ are se eee 204263 2337 Sota |mwa eters eee toners Aen ae 150 42 Population^ 1 Survey^ coveredof Boulder^ portions is approximately^ of 2 principal 12,000.^ streets^ surfaced^ with^ oil-processed^ gravel. STUDY MADE TOPERFORMANCE RELATE CHARACTERISTICS IN SERVICE OF MIX TO
range^ The in densitiesstudy^ was^ andmade in percentages^ to^ obtain^ data of voids^ concerning in traffic-^ the
compactedIn was also oil-mixdesired surfacesto determine, which hadif possible, been in service. whether
the any percentagedefinite bearing of voids on intheir the stabilitymixtures andin service durability. has
mixed-oil-treatment^ All of the surfaces typeinspected and were,were^ of the dense-gradedin most cases, con-
structed In conducting on gravel theor crushed-stonesurvey, each sectionbase courses. of highway
selectedget a general for study idea wasof its condition first traversed and by automobile to decide upon to
locationscated at failed for sampling. areas and at adjacentPoints for samplingareas in good were con-lo-
dition in order of good and bad that areas comparative in individual studies projects. might be madeFailed
areastions the full widthvaried from a fewof the pavement square yards and to occasional a few hundred sec-
feet in length Of the 150 miles of highway but were usually inspectedcomparatively there were small. only
threeextended cases portion where of a project.marked failure Onehad of theseoccurred was over a sec- an
tion about miles south a mileof Cheyenne, in length whereon U S 85 approximately the surface, although 33
‘and^ having was^ good very^ riding rubbery^ qualities, and unstable.appeared excessivelyAnother was^ rich a
14-mile section of Laporte, Colo., where on U S 285 in and adjacent the surface was constructed to the village on
a fill composed wet area where largelythe old of clay. gravel roadThe fill crosseshad always a low,been
subject and a considerable to frost heaving amount in spring. of plastic Theclay was new fill is wetfound in
a layer This section between of surfacing the base hadand been the scarifiedbituminous and surface.relaid a
fewing, rutting, days prior to the inspection and shoving when the inspection and was already was crack-made.
A LaRgaMigSmoots TypicatRIpING orSURFACE Most oFBETWEEN THE SURFACES Fort CouuInsINSPECTED. AND
oiled^ The portionthird^ exampleof the Berthoudof extensive Pass^ failure Road^ notedon thewas westthe
side of theFrasier, Colo., Pass. eastwardThis section about extends 10 milesfrom towardthe town theof
Pass. meadows About which one-third are irrigated of it is built by flooding across several mountain times
each heavy summer.snow duringFrequent the winter,rains andduring slush the icesummer, in the
springmaintaining have theadded oil-mixed to the surface.difficulties Virtually of building the entire and
lengthThe condition of this 10-milevaried fromsection a network was cracked of hair extensively. cracks on
some shoving portions on others. to extensiveWhere shoving‘alligator’? had crackingoccurred andthe
oiled appearance surfacing of the had undersideseparated of the from matthe indicatedbase and thatthe
considerablecurred. At eachslippage of theof thetest matholes onon thethis base section had theoc-
betweenbase^ was thewet base^ and coursea^ layer and^ ofthe^ plastic surface^ clay mixture.^ was^ found
samples^ The^ west40,^ 41,2.6^ andmiles 42 ofand^ this theproject easterly^ represented 3 miles hadby
been The centralsurfaced portion about a year of approximately at the time 4 milesof the inspection. was com-
pletedtions ofjust the prior year-old to the surfaceinspection. had (^) beenSeveral scarified short sec-and
August 1934 PO Bie Ca ROADS 139
of field observations
Surface Riding quality Evidence of failure Texture Remarks
ae^ Excellent_-..----- Se |IN O11G Sears Oe eee^ rs^ ree^ ese^ Se^ Oe^ || lauFine 0Sal0=grained,^ =. soneclosed---------------- a= ee |^ yasNo^ reworkingrichiandvunstablemurst^ or^ patching. year, gravel added: (GOo0d Excellont=<2222--.-= see eeoe AlligatorDN1 es cracks,ee laminationsee ee --------a eel aaeee do--------------------------.---|Fine grained, closed-------- E NotNoedge repairs.reworked. of road Sample (^) showsSample slip onfrom from center base. strip of street 3 feet oppositewide (^20) no.feet 3.long, near POOR(OO Genema aeSa.a= 2seese= ss (^) Slightlyae shoved. cracks,raveled2es2-----=-=----=2-—--—— laminations, badly | Rich,Rough black,mosaic_----------------| glossy aes ee ae eee Reworked(Replaces cartracks.)first year. ‘TestHas holea dry, in traffic lean appearance. lane. Bee patos (CG do__----------.-| ee ee aN SealONG has pickedeee eeeup. Pitted_.........|ee ee ener heSomePIBtand MOSAICalligatormosaic.Ce cracks,een alternateee en seal | PittingSeal has duepenetrated to picking well up andof seal, is well has bondednot impaired to surface. riding qualities IPO0rs=sa== Hxcellents 2seee-==== =e =) (^) BIEN SealOO mostlyten te eeSone, eet ed ravelingextensives--|) te a ee RoughFlat mosaic. pittedes-2------s=-2-—5- ----.---.----.-----|= = Appears dry on surface but amply rich when opened. alte Bxcollonteesenee=a| eee eA PATONOlehtly ploted saemesCracks, Colusa == aces tionSss-2=-22 aan ee ee==|= ae-6 KOeyes Fine gritty, someee ee mosaic----_____- eee ae | | RequiresTypical of aboutfrequent 1 maintenance of the entire to preventjob. complete failure. HxeellentsGood---------------| sessee^ | SlightlySlight cracks^ corrugated in wheel^ and lanes-~--------^ laminated--- Black,Black,^ glossy,glossy,^ slightlygritty.....-.-.-.-..-.|^ mosaic.---...|^ AlthoughHas an excellent^ slightly appearancecorrugated butis not durability^ noticeably doubtful.^ rough. : (^) es 1.0 eeeeer ene ONER 110 Seen 1 Cy een a ee eee ee (^) eeee eeneee HatOUST IMOSAlCse OSA Ce= ase eee eeaan eee ee weee oe aeeee NOA ppearsvdry Tepalrs or omreworking. Suriace. Hexellent surface. EEX COLON^ alte^ =^ eee beeen^ ke eee |^ |^ (NiO11GSeal^ picked Gm eee^ up^ in places__----------ee eee A eee AVE OSEok do--.--..----.-----.------------|^ C7511O20KaCleee^ eee eee^ .|^ BaseSealsize primedwaslimestone. chipped^ with^ 8.C.-1.with 1 Sealinch^ wasmaximum^ chipped sizewith limestone.linch^ maximum Base (OOGRe en ee eae (LO Se eee oan ed es ee AL Hinesroug han Osal Casese aren eee ||Hastprimed gravel. A^ sealedwith^ 8.C.-1,with cut-back asphalt. Seal was covered with dS Bxcellent= aeseeeene= eeeSe ae (^) ENTG10 SeSeal ing to corrugate. peeling, ae surfaceae (^) gdpitted IE a andeee tend-(ye | RoughSibtedatillyy 3 stucco sodlotpytonsg (^) ‘appearance-----_______- 2 Se be ae WestNot thoroughly14 sealed withcompacted. 94++ road Crumblesoil. Seal whencovered opened. with gravel. Pats Lees (^00) eeSeen eeeeee OneSO eerata (^) CliTeen aeae eee (^) ee ee Bee (^) ene|, Kimeigrain, EVOUSHISTUCCOMADDeALAN Closed as. (^212) CO cesse- =e = aa eaesee (^) crew Do.reveling due to loaded trucks turning onto pavement from Ese do-..-..------| Marks badly and is cracked.....| Fine grained, closed-..._________--| Base^ stock gation. shows^ pile. extensive oil penetration (14 inch or more). No corru- t=^ aT 1 tTee^ eeete = -| Alligator(71 Ce eeecracks, laminated----____-ar |^ bee^ Sela Gst OSHICE (](ee eee^ eens^ Sea^ ee^ eeeee^ aA^ eee^ eee)Se^ ThisNS roadsampletaken^ is kept^ in goodabout^ riding1sanches^ condition trom no:by careful 25m rood^ maintenance. area: Hxcellentiqes—ese==les2o5 Poors as eteacee=2: Badly (oops shoved,Oh ee laminated,ee Ser Seeslippage, eee eee| Rich, CO ees glossy, closed_------------------eee ee eee This represents a spot about 10 feet by 30 feet near crest of hill. PieEX collont=seeeeee Ce 2 | NSD (1(aIN OO^ plane^ Cts^ on no^ base.eeeae^ ene etee^ ee^ ee|^ IS GAT OSAen] erIC™ see se eeeee eea^ eee eeee^ Thisbis samplesection takenscaritied.and^ about^100 relaid^ feet withindown^ hillpast^ fromyear.^ no,^ 28. ws Goods do-----------|---do----_______----__--.--| ese=== 2-5 | Laminated,base. shows some slippage on |----- CO ReSlightly mosaic, ee eefine grained, (^) eeeclosed-| NotTaken reworked 200 feet sincesouth laidof no. (200 feet 31. south of no. 30). Hxcellenteo--"-—--=— OOtsease eee eee) IN @TLG SearCOITUSATC ee eeeTULLOG ie =e ee eee neemers. ee SWitelavalyyWat mosalches---=s-=e saSWOH- 2. ok (^) == aeeae ee TakenScarified (^100) and feet relaid south 1 yearof no. ago. 32
ek ibxcellentaesssee Oe ==== IN ODG SeenNay Ole cul ad yee ae eseae eeeeee) ae abe le.Farsh doza=-=- Sue MMOSaiCse. asas= ===sdb ea dene ee sesse nee! eee MasThis sample raveledstoadepunof from a point 300 feet south+6 inch in wheel of no. Janes: 35.
pee^ (Cite do__.-----|^ ke^ Be^ oo^ Se^ SP^ eeeAlligator^ Ce^ erecracks^ ee^ teenand slippage^ he^ ak^ Seaon base|^5 rep^ IOUS AMOS ACs aes neeFlat mosaic-------.-----------------|^ f^ Ae^ er^ This is fromFromsoil. 1}4-mile stretchTherest^ a 50-foot^ of the^ good^ on^144 clay soil fill.^ sectionmiles^ failed.out^ of about30 feet south^ 114 miles of sample^ built^ onno.^ clay 37. Poor aiteoe oun Pe Reeeashe Corrugated,Extensive laminated, fine rutted,slipped. cracking-.-.--:...------ alligator cracked, | Rich,Some glossy,mosaic, somefine grained,mosaic----------, (^) closed_--| ThisBuiltscarified placeover andwetrequires remixed.meadows. constant Rain maintenance. nearly every Sampledday. 5 days after IPOOtE eae ee | Material ClOOG ae ae eee Extensive badlycracks, shoved, slippage-------------|----- laminated-_ Fine Ose.grained, ote closed_----------------- ee ee ee | Hawes trated Do. leasbase.; of base attached to surface. (All slips on unpene-
tests. base, drainage,Notes were and kept on any visible the type peculiarities and condition of the of the |sieve sub- |water werecontent tested as receivedfor Hubbard-Field and also withstability the waterwith there-
grade mixture. and Asappearance much information and condition as couldof thebe surfacingobtained |Field moved specimensby drying for3 hours of the water-free at 212° F. mortar Two fromHubbard- each
in theand date limited of construction time available was includedas to construction in the field notes. details |9 days.sample were tested for swell in water over a period of
representedTable^ 1 is^ a summaryby the 42 samplesof the^ field collected.^ data^ on^ the^ surfaces^ pactedThe^ percentagesroad surfaces^ of air were^ andcomputed^ water^ voidsfrom^ inthe^ the specific^ com-
gravity^ In the laboratory of the constituents^ the^ samples of thewere mixture,^ tested^ for specific |gravitieswater and | gravities^ asof^ determinedthe constituents^ in^ the as fielddetermined^ and^ the specificin the
of^ oil contents, filler. Portions^ grading of andthe^ typesamples^ of agg regate, and passing the no.type | 8 | tests^ laboratory. on the^42 Table samples.^2 gives^ the^ results^ of^ laboratory
140 PUB^ CRROAD'S Vol.^ 15, No.^6
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we #### cee #### [RIOL #### AqTIO #### ose #### UNE |ee||alnied)|| TesedolsSe;aRilesI‘ouaSee ; jowor} pea ul ##### -U ##### MA|-SOSO ##### TAT ueIs ##### QOTAIOS ##### UIOINTIB] JOedA ad -Ipuo sl AVTIQEYS [Roars med10d ae ##### -WIB ##### IPUOO Jo1124S] prerq-paeqqny |(aru ##### BOIB dJINS BIUIOJI[VO |yUedIed QOTSB esasc ||eel #### U9ZBy #### 7U9}T #### oe #### .fat #### -noyeo ous ea |sramiey |TO ##### (PASIS'S Ms qqsIem Aq —fkq osaes 3)uoqueyg w qysiom Aq91nyxtUL 390133 3 ioudAiTOMEIA£Surssed[eI10}8ULou 10 YeNeAOUIN[OA palo) Ie{AOML WOS1Saq, ##### JOSUIPBID poimbel (4Wystem Aqmorjs0do1d) [ ##### JAANE) jouorjIsodu10g AqSpIoA | | Dipp 18a} huojo.ogn) (^) pun pjayf {oOUwo1njali0J—e ATAV J, ## August 1934 PaALB ELC TROADS 143 #### TyprcaL UNSTABLE Om-Mix THE FirstSurraces YEAR WuHichAND WASHavre REMIXED Given WITHExcreLLentT ADDITIONAL Service. GRAVEL. THe IT MixWas SHowNTHREE ONYEARS THE OLDLEFT ATWas THE RICHTIME ANDOF #### INSPECTION. PRIOR TO THE THEINSPECTION. ONE ON THE Riaut Hap Recetvep No MAINTENANCE OF Any KIND SINcE Its Construction Four YEARS #### TyprcaL EXAMPLES oF RaveLiInG oF TREATMENTGroup^3 SurracesTO PREVENT^ HavinaLossaoFLowAGGREGATE.O1t CoNnTENT^ AND ## August 1934 Pea ROADS #### TypIcAL EXAMPLES OF FAILURE CAUSED By AREHigu Two Moisture AND THREE CONTENTS YEARS ## betweenpercent. 5.5These and percentages12.4 percent are with given an in tableaverage 3 underof 8.2. ## the The heading Hubbard-Field ‘‘ Air and water-filledstabilities ofvoids.” the mortars (oil| ## coated a general material relation passing to the theservice no. 8 sieve)stabilities appear of the to have mix- | ## tures. mortar stabilitiesAlthough withinthere eachis^ considerablegroup, the group^ variation averages^ in ## showmixtures a tendencywhich failedtoward because low mortarof excess stabilities oil or foroil andthe | ## water from thecombined. unstable mixturesAlthough withthe fieldstability water ofcontent mortar is ## low, the stabilitieswhen the aretest almost is made as high on aswater-free the average^ specimens for the ## otherthe average two^ groups. stabilities^ There of either^ is no^ appreciablewet or water-free^ difference mor-^ in ## surfaces.tars^ representing The^ average^ the^ sound^ increase^ surfaces^ in^ mortarand^ the^ stabilityraveled ## caused groups 2 andby^ the 3 thandrying for the^ of^ the unstable^ mortar groupis^ much 1.^ less^ for ## andTheminimumaverage stabilitiesstabilitiesbybygroupsgroups^ andarethesummarizedmaximum | ## below.^ Hubbard-Field stabilities of the mortar {Passing no. 8 sieve] With waterreceived content as |With waterdrying removed by ### Mini- mum |Aver-age |Maxi-mum |Mini-| mum | Aver-| age |Maxmum - Group Group 2 (satisfactory Stabilitypees 1 (failed etebecause e (^) service)seen of es----in- 475925 || 2,295)1,535 | 2,5253,625) | 1,050]1,500 | 2,5602,695 3, 7504, 850 Group 3 (failed through raveling)-| 1,175 | 2,180} 3,125} 1,500 | 2,605 4, 300 ## of the mortar^ The^ relations^ is appreciably^ shown^ above^ reducedindicate^ by thethat^ the stabilitypresence^ of ## water reasonable in the amounts to conclude, found from in these the behavior samples. of It seemsthe sec- ## tions studied,extent influenced that by thethe stability stability of the surface of the mortar. is to some #### OLD.^ IN^ THE^ Mixtures.^ THESE^ GrRovUP^1 SURFACES #### An CARRIEDO1u-Mix THROUGH SurracE TRAFFICIN BOULDER, FOR THREE COoLo. YEARSSURFACE AND IsHas IN #### EXCELLENT CRACKED AREAS.ConpITION^ ExcrrT FOR OccASIONAL^ SMALL ## from^ The^ thesesoil^ analysessamples^ indicateof the^ mineral^ that^ allaggregatesthefiller^ extractedmaterials ## used maximum were percentagecomparatively of claylow inin anyclay ofcontent. the samples,^ The 146 PUBLIC^ ROADS^ Vol.^ 15, No.^6 ## basedpercent on (tablethe material3) and passingthe average the no.for 40 all samples sieve, was was 23 15.4 percent. FILLERS HAVING HIGH VOLUME CHANGE UNDESIRABLE ## samples^ It was to makenot^ possible other soil tests.^ to obtain^ sufficientHowever,^ filler from swell meas-^ the ## urements of the original were mademixtures on molded passing specimensthe no. 8 sieve.of the portion After ## sieving, any water the mortar present, wasthen oven-dried molded at 100°into Hubbard-Field C. to remove ## specimens swell was measuredand immersed with anin water Ames for 9 days.dial gage at 1, 3, andVertical ## 6 hours of swell andof these at 1, 2,3,specimens 7, and are 9 days.given in tableThe percentages 3. ## at 9 days may^ Swell^ of such be consideredspecimens^ in excess to indicate^ of about inferior^ 2! or ques-percent ## tionable be considered filler material. the critical At 3 days, value. The2 percent figures swell may given in ## table Results 3 are of the swellbased on the results tests do not at 9 days. indicate that inferior ## filler contributed 1, with the possible to the failure exception of the mixturesof those represented in group by ## sampleshigh percentages 13, 20, 28, of 32,swell, and the39. mortarIn addition specimens to having from ## these disintegration five samples during developed immersion. more or less crackingIt is interesting andto ## notecontaining that of the 15 mixtures fillers with high in this unstablevolume change group,and a tend- those ## encythe highestto disintegrate water contentsduring immersionregardless had,of whether in general, the ## base relation course is also was noticeablewet, moist, toor merely some degree damp. in Thethe othersame ## twohave groupshigh volumeand leads change to the andconclusion show disintegrationthat fillers which or ## slaking entered tendthe surfacing.to retain moistureIn the casein the of mixtures mix, once whichit has ## are ency susceptible apparently to lossprolongs of stability the period when of wet,surface this insta-tend- ## bility In the swell for some test ontime afterthe mortars the base of has group dried. 2, about half ## developedthe^ materials cracking^ showed and^ considerabledisintegration^ swell,during^ and _ siximmer- ## sion. from whichWith theseonly onesamples exception, were takenhowever, were the on surfacesdry or ## exception,only^ slighlty contained^ damp^ bases,only smalland^ theamounts^ mixtures, of moisture.without ## Thisrepresented probably were accounts not affectedfor the factby thatthe questionablethe surfaces ## quality Three of theof the mortars filler material. from the group. 3 samples showed ## considerablecracking and volumedisintegration change duringand two immersion. of them developedTwo of ## theseother werewas fromfrom surfacesa surface which having had a drymoist bases base. and theAll three mixtures had very low water contents and for this ## reason believed theto have raveling any of connection these surfaces with inthe servicetype of filleris not used. (^) CONCLUSIONS ## summarized^ The^ results as^ of thefollows:^ observations^ and^ tests^ are^ briefly ## by high1.^ Instability liquid content.^ of the oil-processed In some cases^ surfaces this high^ was^ causedliquid ## with^ content 1 percent^ was^ made or less of water^ up^ principally but in 9 of the^ of bituminous 15 cases^ material of ## failure water incaused excess byof instability, 2 percent. theNo mixturesmixtures containedin which ## the give satisfactory water content service.was 2 percent or more were found to ## contained^ 2.^ The^ mixturespercentages^ which, after a year of bituminous^ or morematerial^ of service,agreeing ## roughly fornia surfacewith thearea minimum formula, requirementswere sufficiently of the rich Cali- to ## prevent count for normal loss of aggregate losses during early service, 1t is assumed by raveling. In order to ac- ## thatfor thisthe reasonmixtures it is believed were somewhat that richer either when the laidStanton and ## formulamately corrector the for designingmean surface mixturesarea formula containing is approxi- close- ## eraded 3. The aggregate. mixtures which showed evidence of failure ## causedrequired byby any raveling formula contained now in use.less oil Thesethan wouldmixtures, be ## however,believed thatwere surfacein no casetreatment lacking would in stability give them and satis-it is ## factory 4. Clay spots wearing qualities.and areas in the bases containing exces- ## sivenumerous proportions small localof clay failures. were found to be the cause of ## found5.^ In severalin a mixture^ cases onwhere a comparativelya high moisture dry^ content base,^ wasthe ## filler materialdisintegrate in the swell test, thus indicating a relatively was found to have a tendency to swell and ## high colloidal to have been content.responsible Colloidal for the contentsretention areof water believed in ## mixtures6. Hubbard-Field containing them.stabilities of the mortars from the ## unstable were tested mixtures with werewater noticeably contents low when as received. the mortars The ## stabilitiesthose for thewere stableraised mixtures to very nearlyafter thethe same water hadvalues been as ## dried destroyed out. the stability of these mixturesThis is interpreted to indicate by reducing that water the ## stability 7. The of theirrelation mortars.between the percentage of voids in a ## mixdefinite and for anythe service one groupbehavior of samples of the andsurface the variationis so in- ## in basis voids for betweenconclusions groups as tois so the slighteffect asof tovoids, supply or forno ## designing contents. oil-aggregate mixtures on the basis of void 148 PROBA Ca ROAD^ Vol.^ 15, No.^6 1c) Ww Co (^) = nm ice) ia) @ —— | mymMoa ia’)wn6,) os ) nyae= nm ~ rsoO ### @^ © N o Oo ### 1 ip) ### LOADINGSOBSERVEDPERCENT-^ S) oO (SyHv)KOMETbaCopheNtYoo)=^ ] | | 3 | | ### i) 3 TIME hyLOADING 5 DIPPER 6 7 - SECONDS 8 ### Ficure INGS. 1.—ANAtysIs AVERAGE LoapinaoF TIME StupyTime, or5.5 1,518SECONDS. DippER Loap- N ve) Mm ie)o ~@ | ~ oO pm | nyNn nN mMWw (^) =taal ### n (e) © #### oo) N ©) ##### LOADINGSOBSERVEDPERCENT~ i^ eSLS^ | lia els | 10 iL : 6 ar ne | 3 ot 4 32 a O hé) 220 3 eee (^) HW 8 9g 10 T1]^ = 12 TIME LOADING DIPPER - SECONDS ### Figure 2.—Anatysis INGsS. AVERAGE or TimeLoapING Stupy Tix, or 6.41,667 SEeconps. Dipper Loap- LOADINGSOBSERVED-PERCENT YO O—-rMWFEUYD~ (^2345 6 7 8 9) 10 lI 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 2021 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30°31ee aeal 32 TIME LOADING DIPPER — SECONDS #### FicuRE OPERATIONS 3.—DIsAGRAM PERFORMED SHOWING IN VariousPERCENTAGE TIME OF INTERVALS.LOADING ### Basep IN 24% Toon 7 734 FEET Loapines oF CuAy orwitH 1%-YarpD A Frew SHOVELBOULDERS. WORKING (^1413) (^12) Il (^10) o LOADINGSOBSERVEDPERCENT- O-NWFEONAN®D (^2345 67) TIME (^8 9) LOADINGION 12 13 1415 DIPPER 16 I7 18 19 2021— SECONDS22 2324 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 #### FigureERATIONS 4.—Di1acGrRaM PERFORMED SHOWING IN VARIOUS PERCENTAGE TIME INTERVALS. OF LOADING BASED Op- ### on DierER 1,058 WoRKINGINLoapines (18 WERE1 To 5 FEETOvER oF 32 StickySECONDS) Chay. OF A AVERAGE34-YARD #### Time 10.29 SEconpbs. (^1312) VW 10 OBSERVED-PERCENT LOADINGS (^) O-NwFrUarnooeo 2345 67 8 9 iO Il I2 13 & 15 16 I7 18 19 202) 22 2324 25 26 27 2829 3031 32 #### Figure 5.—D1aGRaM TIMESHOWING^ LOADING DIPPER PERCENTAGE^ - SECONDS OF LOADING #### BasEp^ OPERATIONS on 658 PERFORMEDLoapines (16IN WEREVARIOUS OviR^ TIME 32 SECONDS)^ INTERVALS. OF A ### %4-YARD AVERAGE SHOVELTim, 12.2WORKING SEcoNDs. IN 2 TO 6 FEET oF Sticky Cuay. ## yardage^ Output peris the load.^ product A good^ of dipper loads operator can^ andcombine^ the average speed ## In^ and ordinaryhigh^ average common^ quantity excavation^ of material three^ peror moredipper feet^ load. in ## depth, of material, the average as measured dipper in place,load in terms may beof cubic expected yards to ## average In some about materials as shown which in table heap 1.up in the dipper and ## do not spill on the swing, the average equal the rated capacity. In poorly load will sometimes blasted rock or ## shale or in materials full of roots and stumps, the aver- ## August 1934 i Bie ODS 149 ### TABLE 1.—Average yardage Sizesper dipper load for different dipper | | Size percapacity) of dip-(rated Materialdipper loadper Cubic 34 yards Cubic0. 50 (^). 68yards #### alodpaid yyWreS 1.10. 88 ## age for dipper loadordinary common may be 40 percent excavation less thanor about the 0.3 average cubic ## yardyard fordipper. a %-vard Figures dipper 1 to 5 and and 0.65 tablescubic 7, 9, 10yard for and a 1}- 11 ## are at whichillustrative dipper of the loads studiescan be made,deposited and showin the the rateshauling ## unitsincrease with the average fast operation, time per cycle for the entire and how a few operations period. ## Asclassifications, the material thechanges digging from and goodloading common become to slowerother andDuring there is greaterthe studies difficulty on which in obtaining these articles a full dipper. are based ## manydipper determinationsloads and the quantitywere made of material as to the moved number under of ## mined^ various byconditions. careful cross-sectioning^ Quantities^ wereand^ areusually believed^ deter- to ## include fair average sufficient of the volumemore usualand varietyconditions to metrepresent with ina ## obtained^ highway^ ongrading a considerable^ work.^ Tablenumber^2 givesof jobs^ the and^ results illus- ## trates time to timehow the and size from of job to job.the dipper loadThe mayaverage vary dipperfrom ## load of a so-called approximately three-fourths ‘‘%-yard dipper”’, of a cubic yard when having a capacity struck of ## in line withedge, may varythe topfrom of the 0.3 toteeth 0.8 andcubic the yard, top of the reardepending onto good the materialcommon andexcavation the skill withof the few operator. roots andIn boul- fair ## ders, a good operator workingshould move an average of under favorable0.5 to 0.6 cubic conditionsyard per ## dipperrooty andload. stumpy In poorlysoils, blastedand in certainrock or tough,shale, moistvery ## clays,yard orthe even average less loadin exceptional may be onlycases. 0.3 toThe 0.35 average cubic ## dipperThe same load is true is also of materials likely to bewhich low bulkin shallowconsiderably cuts. ## whenheap upbroken in the updipper. or which lack cohesion and will not ##### TIME OF LOADING GREATLY INCREASED IN DIFFICULT MATERIAL ## ging.^ The materialCuts usually^ itself classedis responsible as common^ for^ muchexcavation^ slow^ dig-but ## which bedded containin stiff clay many aremedium-sized particularly troublesome.or large rocks Theem- ## shovel exposed, operator and when cannot the dipper see suchstrikes rocks one untilit may theybe nec- are ## essary passes, to drawsometimes back more, and try again.are made beforeOften eithertwo or three a load ## of loosedefined somaterial that it can is obtained be picked or theup. position of the rock ## theTables material^ 3, 4, and on the^ 5 showtime requiredthe^ effect for filling^ of the^ characterthe dipper.^ of ## dipper^ The^ tables load;^ dobut,^ not in general,^ all^ show^ fast operationthe^ quantities in goodmoved^ ma-per ## terialof the dipper load is accompanied decreases by large with dipper an increase loads. in the dif_-The size ## faster^ culty^ ofrate^ loading, than is indicatedand^ this^ decreaseby the timeis^ atfactor.^ a^ somewhat #### Materrtat Too Harp to Dic REapILty WirHout BLASTING. ### TABLE 2.—Average size of dipper load under various conditions Rated anne ate (^) Dipper: Aver-age ### Type shovel of | ity ofelDese dipper Character of material handlea|Aeleas loaddipPe per Cubicyards Number| Cubicyard #### Steam Does Domes ___ 34|TesAas Light Ciaprndoteeeaea moist es Soo On clay, eee Reofree eae RORfrom rootsee aees See and eestones_.-__--natn See es eee 147 Poe) || 170 | 0.39 3150 DosesDoreDopee 34|34|VA ee LightLoamy GO Fas moist clay, a clay,withans oewith25 percent someAe shale__-_-------------looseee rock------------ 2 ee soe 14815650 44. 48. 40 Dose. DosDoz S77Tile$4 SanG-Clayee so aco (^) OATee (6Va peefsoD Vato! NAT as ae Clay se seSe aseeSTsas a eess (^) eS eae (^) anea eesee lols eoeaS ee (^) ee ea (^) eeea 1508285. 60 (^262). 58 Dome omeDona. 37 S74$4 eee IGORLoam OO VAUO) SH INGyatorclavaces—sesskw wees Sep VaCle eeeVeen 22 se eee (^) et=Oe cas SE eee eense a eenee ee dake 141 Tbe 72 35 .38. 53 Doss DomesiDYy. = 34|34|SA Gneiss-granite,Wet,NLOISE stickyCO) Web clay, Salpoorly (^) G-Cla yeomanwith blasted---------------.---.-a few stumps-_-.-_---------- een ee 2, 9601, 7451, 825 .33. 67. 80 #### IBY). L IBYoy Do__- s7Alpandstone,;Sf mesa LOMA34| Moist clay, welletswith blastedesaa few smalledsees surface se= ssseR bouldersERone eee ---- 2,599 632794 | ~8h5).43. 65 Doe Dore. Dome Sal34\34| VeryWreoticlay,Sandy wet gravel, Claysnwitlesmall with=a someStimpson=e hardne (^) chunkske-=- sees of shale_---- oe (^) 4, 099 990210. 59. 48. iBYop 5Doze Doma 5 SADT7%@| Alene GOsGranite-gneiss, ylOSMVnClAY= Sate fae (^) poorly aahpee ss asses se eeeblasted--.----.------------- eeneee cea an so sea eewer so eee eee ee e- =nose 3, 340 30971. 53 (^41). 40 Case essDoses Domes (^) jeic34) Loamysandstone.Dry clay. clay, wilhDlasted. moist, 2 16ws with2.2. DOULGORS=ssse—e2-— a fewseen roots_-_------------eeesee see oe ee eee (^) 3, 4482, 892 (^583 61108) aie Doses DorasDore 14%]114!1%} Dry70 percent10 percent clay, withdry clay,large surfaceboulders 20 percent boulders------------------- and 30 percentloose rock, dry70 percent} clay_- (^) 4, 384 996667. 64Ate- 63 DozeDore 11%|i% Wetoesolid sticky^ rock, (^) dry clay,^ clay,blasted. with with a few 80 percent surface sandstone,boulders- ---_- well 2, 396 784 abe. 60 Steam Gassee ___= 34)34| Sandy80 percent^ asted. clay sandstone,and clay loam,poorly with blasted, some withstone- ------ 20 per- 3, 504 788 44. 46 #### Doe Poles 144;Villas (1 ae Mostly^ cent^ clay.earth, with about 25 percentne ee fairee to poorly _.| | 10, 2546,646 46. 88 DomeDoss 1144)144| AboutMostly^ blasted 75 percentshallow^ granite. earthin poorly cuts blastedwith many granite___----- boulders, | 4, 4858,778. 61. 68 Dow Doz. 1144; 1 epgMostlysome (ein^ poorlypoorlya ew^ blastedblastedSee Eerockrock ee ee^ and shale—_----------- es See 39, 60029, 860;. 62 70 Doz Dos Dos 114] (^1) 1144| eeeFairlyDeep RES cutswellfon of well2,blasted ee =| (^) eeblastedrock andshale shale--_-----~---------- and sandstone---_-ee eee 53, 74088, 60078, 300 (^857480) #### Dose Doze Dose 7 PEG1144] OOCeCOINGood Bi common, TIO Kamranae fairly nedeep en cuts----------~-------- ed ee eeRE ST 58,00014, 8009, 110 | .87. 88. 99 IDoze= 124) 2 0 ee eee Se ets Soak Jases Sons 2 18, 060 1, ## August 1934 PUB PT GLZROA DS 151 ## extra can be added pass it is not to the load. warranted unless 0.15 cubic yard ## withThe theless timethe timeof the^ of loading entire cycle,the^ dipperthe greateras^ compared is the ## importanceit is more importantof obtaining to trya full for dipper.a full dipperConsequently, when the ## swing The is longrelation than between when it is short.size of dipper load, length of ## shovel pass with cycle, the dipper may and time required be shown to as follows:make an additional ## Let C=shovel cycle, in seconds, when only one pass ## W =dipper^ is made load,^ with dipper. in cubic yards, when only one ## (= percentage^ pass^ is made by which^ with dipper load is increaseddipper. ## P=time,by each in seconds,^ additional required^ pass^ of thefor making^ dipper. each ## Then additional^ pass^ with^ dipper. ## “C_W_ rate one^ of production pass of the dipper.^ when^ using^ only W+XQW _C+XP rate passes. of production when using X W+xow OF YP S76w increaseover thatin the rate of using of operation only one pass. ## the dipper will result in increased^ So long^ as^ CQ^ is greater^ than^ P, additionalproduction.^ passes^ of ## cycleFor occasionallyexample,^ an^ findsoperator that^ theworking 14-yard^ on dipper,a^ 20-second with ## which is only about he usually two-thirds obtains filled by the first pass.0.9 cubic yard per dipper load, He has ## foundpass. that it requiresWould it pay 6 secondsto make to makeone or moreeach additionaladditional ## passes The solution to obtain is as follows: the usual dipper load of 0.9 cubic yard? ## yard.The loadTo obtainin^ the 0.9dipper cubic^ from yard^ one anpass increase^ is 0.6 ofcubic 50 ## percent Since each is passnecessary, can be madeand in20X0.50=10 6 seconds, a seconds.distinct ## gain normal will in one be registeredadditional if thepass, dipperbut a loss can willbe filledresult toif ## two the cyclepasses is 20 are seconds,used to obtainand the the time normal required load. to makeSince ## willthe^ additionalbe justified^ pass if a^ is 6 partial^ seconds, load^ canthe be increasedadditional^ passby 9, (^) If theor 30 percent. normal cycle were 25 seconds, then even two ## load^ additional would^ passesregister^ at 6 seconds a definite^ eachgain.^ to obtainAdditional^ the normal passes ## the^ would part-load^ be^ advantageous by 24 percent.so^ long asThis^ each discussionpass^ increased also ## demonstrates dipper load whenthe greaterthe swing importance is long, asof securing a full the longer the ## ‘swingreadings the of the longer time the requiredoperating to make cycle. additionalTable 6 passesshows ## expected^ and^ the^ toextent increase^ to^ whichthe averagesuch^ extraloading^ passes time^ mayfor^ thebe ## dipper.Several instances have been observed in which con- ## load^ tractors have^ in an replaced^ effort regularto increase %-yard^ the dippers^ yardage with^ per 14-yarddipper ## dippers.tion, except This in provedextremely a decidedsoft andhandicap easy digging,to produc- as ## large^ the^ power dipper^ of throughthe^ shovel the^ wasmaterial^ insufficient at normal^ to^ forceloading^ the and ## speed. time losses In dueaddition to breakage to decreased and repairs normal were production, high. A ## dipper designed largeris not thanrecommended. that for which the shovel was ### TIME^ TaBLe REQUIRED^ 6.—Effect IN^ of multipleMAKING MULTIPLEpasses^ on timePASSES^ of loading IN LOADING^ dipper A ##### MOIST TO WET GRAVELLY CLAY #### Number of passes Numberof obser- vations "veeSpl okoad (^1) Die Sn (^) ee ee.ee an ee ee (^) Ee ee= eo ee ee (^) eeeeeee (^) Sage,ee 1) eeee oy ae 1,352 298 Seconds14,1y ee’ (^3) PEE eeBE,» ee (^) ERSee (^) AESee Paar.LY 2 ep re atete (^) ER=e a - 2 peE 8232 21.227. Total and average_......_____ tee eee 2 ea 1, 744 9. NUMBER COMMONSHOVEL OF (^) IN PASSESEXCAVATION.GOOD REQUIREDCONDITION MOSTLY WHEN WORKINGINSHALLOW CUTS.FAIR TO%-YARD GOOD “:. nae required^ Time^ | dipper^ Percent-age^ of Number of passes RalondulllGadelec:dipper | cured in this way tes2p Seeee eeLAS ergekee Se A eeeth oe eeee oresee eeeee eeBe eR ee,eee co Seconds13.06.4^ | Percent61.420. Shea Ls Peene ace ae ee eea eee oe a (^) a ekaee eee Pee ees eee pct) ohee neeee Soe s SEeeee eee (^) eeeee ee (^) de A (^) oeoe (^) 31,218.925. 4 By3.81. Otis ee a aie ra es Seek oe ae adh 2 AEST 5SEES 38. 0 0. ## load^ It hasthe^ beendipper^ pointed often^ outvaries^ that considerablythe^ time^ requiredfrom theto ## average. are shown Thein mannerfigures 1 of this to 7 variationand in variousand its extent tables. ## Eachber ofof the observations graphs shownand showscovers thea considerable number of timesnum- ## Itthe is cleardipper^ wasthat^ loadeda few^ in anyof the^ givenloading^ number times^ of seconds.took very ## much to increase longer the than average the othersloading andtime that materially. the effect was shale^ Figure where^ 1 is based the shovel^ on^ aperformance^ job^ in earth wasand excellent.well-blasted <A ## comparatively only 4 seconds largeeach. numberThe averageof dipper loading loads timerequired was ## 5.5 which seconds, required and much there time,were noneonly overa few 11 dipperseconds—an loads ## indicationthe shovel. that a good, consistent operator was handling ## good,Figures consistent^ 1 and^ 6 showoperation.^ results Figure^ obtained 5 showson^ jobstime^ with of ## loading which it wasdipper hardin toughto pick and upsomewhat a full load. sticky In clayabout in ## 50 the percentdipper of thewas madeobservations in an averageon this job,of lessone thanpass of 7 ## seconds.passes were In madethe remainingto fill the cases,dipper 2 toor the 3, satisfactionor even 4, ## ofthe thedipper shovel was runner.as much asOccasionally a full minute. the timeThe of fillingaverage ## timeFigure of filling 7 illustrates the dipper the on loadingthis job was time 12.2of aseconds. rather indifferentsoil, his average operator. loading Although time wasworking 16.5 seconds,in light moreloam ## than double what it should have been. ##### INSUFFICIENT BLASTING FOUND ON MANY PROJECTS ## contractors^ There^ is a to^ rather^ do^ too^ generallittle^ blasting,tendency^ as^ wellamong^ as^ tograding^ slight ## the clearing and grubbing. Poor^ blasting^ usually 1 3)~ 2 PUB^ DRGCRK^ OAD:^ Vol.^ 15, No.^ & #### IMPROPER ING OF SPACINGDRILL ANDHOLES Loap— #### RESULTED Harp To Loan.IN MaTERIAL ### SAME WELL Rock BROKEN LenGeE BYAs PROPERABOVE, #### BLASTING. #### APPEARANCEAFTER A SATISFACTORYOF GROUND #### Buast. Broken MarertaLBut Not WELLScar- #### TERED.
