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Humanistic approach disadvantages
-unclear use -methodology
TERM 2
Existentialism
DEFINITION 2
-Background -After WWII -European philosophers i.e.
Nietzsche, Sartre -Anti-rationalism
TERM 3
Assumptions of Existentialism
DEFINITION 3
-1) Phenomenology -2) People have free will -3) Thrownness -
context of birth -life, as we know it, has no meaning -must
work to give it meaning
TERM 4
Interests of Existentialism
DEFINITION 4
-Reconnect with Awareness -Bad faith vs. Authentic
existence -1) Why are you here? -2) What should you be
doing? -Requires examined life--> angst -anguish -forlornness
-despair
TERM 5
Three parts of existence
DEFINITION 5
-Mitwelt: social experience; self's ABCs about others-Umwelt:
biology and environment, physiology, bodily sensations-
Eigenwelt: psychological experience, understanding ABCs
about self
theories that Humanistic approach
challenged
-Psychoanalytic-Behaviorism
TERM 7
Assumptions of Humanist approach
DEFINITION 7
-1) Phenomenology-2) Existentialism: free will-3) People are
basically good-4) People have innate desire to improve
themselves
TERM 8
Phenomenology
DEFINITION 8
-Awareness and subjectivity-Holistic human experience
TERM 9
Existentialism
DEFINITION 9
-Interests-Construals-Authentic Existence-How they relate
TERM 10
innate desire to improve self
DEFINITION 10
-Sharp departure from existentialism-Positive psychology
Rogerian psychology
-Person-centered therapy -Therapist provides unconditional
positive regard -Questions lead client to understanding
TERM 17
disadvantages of Rogerian psychology
DEFINITION 17
time-consuming, ambiguous
TERM 18
Arthur Maslow
DEFINITION 18
-Hierarchy of Needs (p. 416 of my rented textbook)-Like a
pyramid
TERM 19
hierarchy of needs
DEFINITION 19
-Physiological is first (food, water, sleep, sex), -Safety is
second (security, comfort), -Social is third (belonging,
community, friends, colleagues), -Esteem is fourth
(confidence, status), and -Self-actualization is fifth and final
need (who you are, what you want to do with rest of life).
TERM 20
criticisms of hierarchy of needs
DEFINITION 20
stems from Roger's perspective,physiological but need a real
life example i.e. Ghandi
Kelly
personal constructs which is central aspect of
thinking,unique view of world,alternative
constructivism,social corollary
TERM 22
what branch of psychology are Kelly's
theories more relevant to?
DEFINITION 22
cognitive psychology
TERM 23
Czikszent mihalyi
DEFINITION 23
flow--> work=balance of skill and challenge
TERM 24
authentic activities
DEFINITION 24
enjoyable activities
TERM 25
coping with stress
DEFINITION 25
psychologically healthy
idiographic
specifics about cultures (opposite of nomothetic or
universals),focus on emic
TERM 32
focus of idiographic
DEFINITION 32
emic (specific),deconstructionism semiotic
subjects,indigenous models or measures
TERM 33
deconstructionism
DEFINITION 33
(meaning is arbitrary, or subjective to other's opinions and
biases too much regarding what things mean),
TERM 34
semiotic subjects
DEFINITION 34
we need culture to exhibit traits
TERM 35
how to minimize cross-cultural conflict
DEFINITION 35
universal values
cultural lens
experience-near constructs
TERM 37
two approaches to study culture
DEFINITION 37
cultural psychology-idiographic (specifics),cross-cultural
studies-nomothetic (universals)
TERM 38
advantages of two approaches to studying
culture
DEFINITION 38
find out culturally-shaped personality traits,understand and
help with acculturation and cross-cultural conflict resolution
TERM 39
disadvantages of two approaches to studying
culture
DEFINITION 39
cultural lens is controversial, cultural relativism is cultural
defense
TERM 40
culture
DEFINITION 40
=race=ethnicityalso equals game rulesand is subjective
vertical
greater differences, hierarchy
TERM 47
horizontal
DEFINITION 47
egalitarian, equal society
TERM 48
multi-culturalism
DEFINITION 48
members of two or more ethnic groups
TERM 49
bilingualism create two personalities?
DEFINITION 49
dominant culture, with ethnic culture
TERM 50
integration
DEFINITION 50
Have both cultures
assimilation
completely into new culture
TERM 52
separation
DEFINITION 52
stay with
TERM 53
biculturalism
DEFINITION 53
person exposed to and internalized two cultures
TERM 54
bicultural people
DEFINITION 54
have multiple cultural meaning systems,can move in
response to cultural cues consistently,
TERM 55
primed with American way
DEFINITION 55
high on compatibility
social comparison theory
upward comparison (those that are better off than
us)downward comparison (those that are worse off than
us)similar comparison (those that are like us)
TERM 62
absolute vs relative consistency
DEFINITION 62
behavior changes across situations vs consistency in
behavior across situations
TERM 63
individualism regarding societal structure
DEFINITION 63
egalitarian and independent
TERM 64
collectivism regarding societal structure
DEFINITION 64
hierarchy and interdependent
TERM 65
what does individualism foster?
DEFINITION 65
positive self-regard
what does collectivism foster?
positive group identity
TERM 67
individualism regarding self-determination
DEFINITION 67
personality dependent
TERM 68
collectivism regarding self-determination
DEFINITION 68
situation dependent
TERM 69
contents of self
DEFINITION 69
Declarative self-knowledge (self-esteem)Procedural self-
knowledge (implicit/relational)
TERM 70
multiple selves?
DEFINITION 70
yes-working self conceptno-according to Bandura,
philosophical and clinical grounds
measuring implicit self
IAT, personal constructs (declarative self), predictive validity
(responses to success and failure)
TERM 77
potential for change?
DEFINITION 77
learning and self-schemas, procedural knowledge (self-help
effectiveness, just do it!)
TERM 78
learning
DEFINITION 78
The change of behavior as a function of experience
TERM 79
functional analysis
DEFINITION 79
A description of how a behavior is a function of the
environmentof the person or animal that performs it.
TERM 80
empiricism
DEFINITION 80
The idea that everything a person knows comes from
experience
rationalism
The structure of the mind determines our experience of
reality
TERM 82
what behaviorism isnt
DEFINITION 82
neither phenomenological nor deconstructionist.
TERM 83
tabula rasa
DEFINITION 83
the mind being "a blank slate" at birth and "written on"
through experience.
TERM 84
associationism
DEFINITION 84
Any two things become mentally associated with each other
if they are repeatedly experiences close together.
TERM 85
hedonism
DEFINITION 85
People learn in order to seek pleasure and avoid pain.
respondent conditioning
The conditioned response is essentially passive with no
impact of its own.
TERM 92
operant conditioning
DEFINITION 92
Process of learning in which the organism's behavior is
shaped by the effect of the behavior on the environment.
TERM 93
reinforcement
DEFINITION 93
In operant conditioning, a reward that, when applied
following a behavior, increases the frequency of that
behavior. In classical conditioning, reinforcement refers to
the pairing of an "unconditioned" stimulus with a
"conditioned" stimulus.
TERM 94
punishment
DEFINITION 94
An aversive consequence that follows an act in order to stop
the act and prevent its repetition.
TERM 95
how to punish
DEFINITION 95
availability of alternatives, behavioral and situational
specificity, timing and consistency, conditioning secondary
punishing stimuli, avoiding mixed messages.
dangers of punishment
arouses emotion, difficult to be consistent, difficult to gauge
severity of punishment, teaches misuse of power, motivates
concealment.
TERM 97
habit hierarchy
DEFINITION 97
In Dollard and Miller's social learning theory, all of the
behaviors an individual might do, ranked in order from most
to least probable.
TERM 98
drive
DEFINITION 98
A state of psychological tension, the reduction of which feels
good.
TERM 99
primary drives
DEFINITION 99
A drive that innate to an organism, such as the hunger drive.
TERM 100
secondary drives
DEFINITION 100
A drive that islearned through its association with primary
drives, including drives for love, prestige, money, power, and
the avoidance of fear and humiliation.
