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Practicum Report Marine Climatology
Typology: Assignments
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By : BONDAN WAHYU KUNCORO G1F MARINE SCIENCE STUDY PROGRAM FACULTY OF FISHERIES AND MARINE LAMBUNG MANGKURAT UNIVERSITY BANJARBARU
Praise the students, thank Allah SWT, who has bestowed His mercy and guidance, so that the students can complete this practicum report in a timely manner. This report is compiled as one of the complementary assignments from the climatology course. This report contains climatological tools that discuss the functions and work of the tools. It is hoped that this report will later become a reference for this course. The practitioner realizes that this report is still far from perfection, therefore the practitioner expects constructive criticism and suggestions from all parties so that there are improvements in a better direction. Banjarbaru, December 2016 Writer
5.1. Conclusion................................................................................... 27 5.2. Suggestion................................................................................... 27 BIBLIOGRAPHY
- I. PRELIMINARY............................................................................... LIST OF TABLES................................................................................... v - 1.1. Background.................................................................................. - 1.2. Purpose........................................................................................ I. Introduction 1.1. Background Climatology is the science of the atmosphere. Similar to meteorology, but different in its study, meteorology examines more processes in the atmosphere while climatology is the final result of atmospheric processes. Climatology comes from the Greek, namely Klima and Logos, each of which means a slope that is directed to the latitude of the place, while Logos itself means science. So the definition of Climatology is the science that seeks descriptions and explanations of the nature of climate, why the climate in various places on earth is different, and how is the relationship between climate and human activity. Because climatology requires the interpretation of large amounts of data and requires statistics to work on, people often refer to climatology as statistical meteorology. Climate will affect various aspects of human life and organismse others who live on earth. Therefore, knowledge about climate is needed. In daily life, climate will be taken into consideration in the design of residential buildings or other physical building construction, clothing materials and designs, types and portions of food consumed, and the variety of socio-cultural activities carried out by residents. Measurement of climate elements is very important in studying the branch of geography, namely climatology. With this climate measurement can have climate data about wind speed and direction,cloud conditions, humidity, temperature or temperature, and rainfall. The tools used are thermometers, microbarographs, Observatory rain gauges (Obs), Thermohygrographs, automatic rain gauges (Hellman), Campbell Stokes evaporimeters (evaporative pans), Sun Shine Recorder. Weather consists of all the phenomena that occur in the atmosphere of Earth or any other planet. Weather is usually an activity of this phenomenon within a few days. The average weather over a longer period of time is known as climate. This aspect of the weather is further investigated by climatologists, for signs of climate change.
To determine the climate of a place or area, weather data that has been collected for a long time (10-30 years) is needed which is obtained from the results of weather measurements with special measuring instruments or climatological instrumentation. The tools used must be durable from the effects of bad weather to be able to measure changes in the weather at any time. The tool is made in such a way that the measurement results do not change the accuracy. Good tool maintenance brings the advantage of longer service life. Maintenance of the tool will also make good accuracy so that measurements can be trusted. Installation of the tool in an open area requires certain requirements so that there are no wrong measurements, you must think about obstacles from buildings or trees near the tool. So that the data obtained can be compared, then the differences in the data obtained are not the result of procedural errors, but are due to the different climates. Based on this, it is necessary to have knowledge about these climatological tools, both in terms of their use or function and how to use them. So knowledge of Climatology is needed. In this practicum, it is discussed about the introduction of the tools contained in the BMKG. Without knowing or seeing directly the tools used in climatology, practitioners can only imagine what the shape of the tool is. Therefore it is necessary to visit the BMKG to see directly the tools that are there and to be able to ask directly about the function and workings of each of these tools. 1.2.Purpose The purpose of this practicum is to find out various kinds of climatological tools, how they work, and their functions at the Class I Climatology Station, Banjarbaru, South Kalimantan. II. LITERATURE REVIEW
AWS is an acronym for Automatic Weather Station or an automatic weather gauge. As the name implies, AWS will measure the weather automatically. AWS can measure rainfall, wind speed, and so on. AWS can make it easier for humans to observe the weather (Suci, 2014). There are meteorological instruments at the Meteorological Stationtools that are useful for the Marine sector include rain gauges (Ombrometer), Air relative humidity gauges (Hygrometer), air temperature gauges (Ordinary Thermometers, Maximum Thermometers, Minimum Thermometers, and Maximum-Minimum Thermometers for measuring water temperature (Maximum- Minimum Thermometers). Minimum Water Surface), a measuring device for the length of sunlight (Solarimeter type Campbell Stokes), a measuring device for soil temperature (Soil Thermometer), and a measuring device for wind speed (Anemometer) and many others (Prawirowardoyo, 1996). III. PRACTICUM METHOD 3.1. Time and place
PracticeThis climatology event was held on Thursday, December 8 2016. At 08.00 WITA - finished, which was held at Class I Climatology Station, Banjarbaru, South Kalimantan. 3.2. Tools and materials Table 1. Tools and materials No Tools and Materials Function 1 Stationary Tool for writing 2 Camera Documentation tool 3.3. Work procedures
The meteorological cage is installed in a tool garden shaped like a house. In the meteorological cage, tools such as dry bulb thermometer and wet thermometer, maximum thermometer and piche type evaporation were installed. All of these tools are installed in a cage so that the results of observations from different places and times can be compared. In addition, the tool can be protected from direct sunlight (hot), rain (cold), and dust, so that the data obtained can be accurate. Meteorological cages must be made of strong wood to withstand various weather changes. The cage is deliberately painted white so it doesn't absorb much of the sun's heat. Meteorological cage installed on the ground with a height of 120 cm. The legs of the cage are deliberately fitted with concrete so that they are strong even though they are blown by strong winds. On the walls of this cage, gratings are made that allow air flow so that the temperature and humidity inside the cage are balanced with those outside the cage. The cage door faces north and south. This is because the tools inside are not exposed to direct solar radiation. If the sun is north of the equator then the door facing south is open, and vice versa. There are four types of the same cage, including three cages with a height of 120 cm, and one cage with a height of 20 cm from the ground, namely: a. Meteorological cage with a height of 120 cm which is placed on bare ground, inside consists of tools (wet bulb thermometer, dry ball, maximum, and minimum). b. Meteorological cage with a height of 120 cm which is placed on the surface of the grassy ground, inside consists of tools (thermometer wet ball, dry ball, maximum and minimum). c. Meteorological cage with a height of 120 cm which is placed on bare ground, inside which there are Kessner Evaporimeter and Piche Evaporimeter). d. Meteorological cage with a height of 20 cm which is placed on bare soil, inside consists of tools (wet bulb thermometer, dry ball, maximum, and minimum). Inside the meteorological cage there is a thermometer, namely: a. Minimum and Maximum thermometers
There are two types of thermometers, namely the maximum thermometer: it functions as an instrument for measuring the maximum air temperature made of glass with a spherical vessel filled with mercury at the end. And a minimum thermometer: functions as a minimum air temperature measuring instrument made of a fork-shaped glass and at the end contains alcohol and a pointer that will be dragged by alcohol when the temperature drops and will be left behind when the temperature rises (alcohol expands), then the pointer will show lowest temperature during the observation period. b. Wet Bulb and Dry Ball Thermometers This tool is called a Psychrometer consisting of 2 mercury thermometers, namely a dry bulb thermometer and a wet bulb thermometer. A wet bulb thermometer is a thermometer in which a ball of mercury is wrapped in a wet cloth. The evaporation that occurs in the wet cloth causes the temperature to drop. The temperature difference shown by the dry and wet bulb thermometer with the help of the table is obtained by the air humidity and dew point temperature. Ways of working : a) Pay attention to each of these weather gauges b) Record the results obtained from each tool. c) Check if the tool is still in good condition. 4.2. Air Temperature Gauge 4.2.1. Wet-Ball Thermometer
of the mercury rises. The increase in the height of this liquid is converted to temperature units (Celsius, Fahrenheit, etc.). b) Wet Bulb Temperature (Wet bulb temperature), i.e. wet bulb temperature. As the name implies, the wet bulb temperature is measured using a thermometer where the bulb (bottom of the thermometer) is covered with a wet cloth and then the air that you want to measure the temperature is flowing through. Heat transfer occurs from the air to the wet cloth. The heat from the air will be used to evaporate the water on the wet cloth. 4.2.2. Maximum-minimum thermometer Figure 3. Maximum and minimum thermometer (Source: ULM Marine Science Student Field Documentation, 2016) This tool is used to record the maximum and minimum temperature of water that occurs for 24 hours. In general, this tool consists of a U-shaped glass pipe with two balls at the end. The thermometer is mounted on a non-magnetic steel frame which is floated slightly below the surface of the water by an aluminum float. The maximum temperature is indicated by the right end of the index in the upper thermometer and the minimum temperature is indicated by the right end of the index in the lower tube. To set the index position again, after reading the temperature, a bar magnet is used. a. Maximum thermometer as a tool for measuring the maximum air temperature made of glass with a spherical vessel and filled with mercury at the end. b. The minimum thermometer as a minimum air temperature measurement tool is made of a fork-shaped glass and at the end contains alcohol and a pointer object that will be dragged by alcohol.
4.3. Evaporation Meter 4.3.1.Evaporation pan (Evaporation pan oven) Figure 4.Evaporation pan and its parts (evaporation pan oven) (Source: ULM Marine Science Student Field Documentation, 2016) This tool berfunction to measure evaporation / evaporation over a certain period of time. This tool is in the form of a large round pot made of iron coated with stainless steel with a diameter of 122 cm and a height of 25.4 cm. This pot is placed on short grassy ground and bare ground, where the tool is placed on a foundation made of wood with the top of the wood painted white to reduce radiation absorption. The height of the water from the lip of the pan is ± 5 cm. If the water is reduced, it must be added immediately so that the amount of evaporation is appropriate. Observation time: observation I, II, III (07.30, 13.30, 17.30 WITA). The open pot evaporation is equipped with a Hook Gauge, Still Well and Water Thermometer. thermometer This is part or completeness of an open pan evaporation device. Serves to determine the surface temperature of water that occurs on the surface of the earth or soil. Consists of a maximum thermometer (mercury thermometer) and a minimum thermometer (alcohol thermometer). The average water temperature is obtained by adding the maximum and minimum temperatures, then dividing by two. The location of the thermometer must float right on the surface of the water, so it is equipped with a float on the front and back which is made of a material that is waterproof or rust (usually aluminum). After reading, the index position on the minimum thermometer must be returned Hook Gauge Still Well Water thermometer
and the one hundredth of a millimeter scale is read from the nut that surrounds the micrometer rod. 4.3.3. Water or Float thermometer Figure 6. Water thermometer and its parts (Source: ULM Marine Science Student Field Documentation, 2016) This water thermometer is a mercury thermometer that is mounted perpendicularly using clamps, the location of the thermometer ball is below the surface of the water, so that the water temperature can be read at the time of observation. 4.3.4. Still Well Reader Scale
Figure 7. Still Well and its parts (Source: ULM Marine Science Student Field Documentation, 2016) Function: A place to put the hook gauge, and make the water level in the vessel calm compared to the pan, so that adjustment of the needle tip can be done more easily. This tool is in the form of a vessel made of metal (brass) which is cylindrical in shape and has 3 legs, where each leg has a screw to adjust or adjust the position of the vessel so that it is horizontal. At the bottom of the vessel there is a hole, so that the water level in the vessel is equal to the water level in the pot. The vessel is used in addition to being a place to place the hook gauge, it also makes the water in the vessel calm compared to the water in the pan, so that it can be easier to adjust the tip of the fishing line. 4.4. Instrument for measuring the length of sunlight and the intensity of the sun Metal Vessel