Motivation Theories in Management: A Comprehensive Overview, Essays (university) of Geochemistry

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Motivation

Let’s Ponder…

 What is motivation?

 What are the different types of individual needs?

 What are the challenges of motivation in the new

workplace?

Question 1: What is motivation?

 Basic motivational concepts

• (^) Motivation—the forces within the individual that account for the level, direction, and persistence of effort expended at work.
• (^) Reward—a work outcome of positive value to the individual
• (^) Extrinsic rewards—valued outcomes given to someone by another person.
• (^) Intrinsic rewards—valued outcomes that occur naturally as a person works on a task.

Management - Chapter 14 5

Question 2: What are the different types of

individual needs?

 Needs

• (^) Unfulfilled physiological and psychological desires of an individual.
• (^) Explain workplace behavior and attitudes.
• (^) Create tensions that influence attitudes and behavior.
• (^) Good managers and leaders facilitate employee need satisfaction.

Types of content theories:

• (^) Hierarchy of needs theory
• (^) ERG theory
• (^) Two-factor theory
• (^) Acquired needs theory

Maslow’s Theory

 Hierarchy of needs theory

• (^) Developed by Abraham Maslow.
• (^) Lower-order and higher-order needs affect workplace behavior and attitudes.
• (^) Lower-order needs:
  • (^) Physiological, safety, and social needs.
  • (^) Desires for physical and social well being.
• (^) Higher-order needs:
  • (^) Esteem and self-actualization needs.
  • (^) Desire for psychological growth and development.

 Hierarchy of needs theory

• (^) Deficit principle
  • (^) A satisfied need is not a motivator of behavior.
• (^) Progression principle
  • (^) A need at one level does not become activated until the next lower-level need is satisfied.

ERG theory

• (^) Developed by Clayton Alderfer.
• (^) Three need levels:
  • (^) Existence needs — desires for physiological and material well-being.
  • (^) Relatedness needs — desires for satisfying interpersonal relationships.
  • (^) Growth needs — desires for continued psychological growth and development.

Herzberg’s Two-factor theory

• (^) Developed by Frederick Herzberg.
• (^) Hygiene factors:
  • (^) Elements of the job context.
  • (^) Sources of job dissatisfaction.
• (^) Satisfier factors:
  • (^) Elements of the job content.
  • (^) Sources of job satisfaction and motivation.

Herzberg’s two-factor theory.

 Acquired needs theory

• (^) Need for Achievement (nAch)
  • (^) Desire to do something better or more efficiently, to solve problems, or to master complex tasks.
• (^) People high in (nAch) prefer work that:
  • (^) Involves individual responsibility for results.
  • (^) Involves achievable but challenging goals.
  • (^) Provides feedback on performance.

 Acquired needs theory

• (^) Need for Power (nPower)
  • (^) Desire to control other persons, to influence their behavior, or to be responsible for other people.
  • (^) Personal power versus social power.
• (^) People high in (nPower) prefer work that:
  • (^) Involves control over other persons.
  • (^) Has an impact on people and events.
  • (^) Brings public recognition and attention.

 Questions for summarizing the content

theories of motivation:

• (^) How many different individual needs are there?
• (^) Can a work outcome or reward satisfy more

than one need?

• (^) Is there a hierarchy of needs?
• (^) How important are the various needs?

Figure 14.3 Comparison of Maslow’s, Alderfer’s, Herzberg

’s, and McClelland’s motivation theories.