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NSG120/ NSG 120 Midterm Exam: (New
2024/ 2025 Update) Pathophysiology Exam
Review with Questions and Verified Answers|
| 100% Correct| A Grade – Herzing
QUESTION
Weakened reflex increases susceptibility to pneumonia Answer: cough
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Cardinal signs of inflammation Answer: redness, swelling, heat, pain, loss of function
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Transmission of Infectious Agents Answer: Direct contact, vector borne, indirect contact, inhalation, ingestion, aerosol
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portals of entry Answer: mucous membranes, skin, parenteral route
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prevalence Answer: number of active ongoing cases of infection at any given point
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opportunistic infection Answer: Caused by a microorganism that flourishes because of a host's deficient immune system
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nosocomial infection Answer: hospital acquired infection
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Prions are protein-like molecules that cause deformation of proteins within the central nervous system. Their mode of action is not well understood. Prions are transmitted by ingestion of undercooked meat contaminated with prions or by organ donation from an infected donor. Answer: mode of action
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macule
Answer: Answer: Answer: Answer: raised, filled with exudate
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plaque slightly elevated, flat, "scale"-like lesion
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what is the most common form of skin cancer? basal cell carcinoma (BCC)
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squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) malignant tumor of the squamous epithelium
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what is the most lethal, rapidly progressive, and metastatic form of skin cancer? malignant melanoma
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Answer:
Answer: Answer: Answer: Answer: Answer: Approximately of melanomas occur in a nevus (mole) 30%
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ABCDEs of melanoma asymmetry, border, color, diameter, evolution
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decubitus ulcer bed sore
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Affect all 3 layers of the skin bed sores
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Psoriasis Lesions are dry, raised, red skin patches (plaques) covered with silvery scales that usually appear on elbows, knees, lower back and scalp
Answer: A cell-mediated reaction that can occur in response to direct contact such as in contact dermatitis. Also TB skin test
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cellulitis bacteria Answer: staphylococcus aureus
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occurs in the lower trunk and legs Answer: cellulitis
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paronychia Answer: diseased state around the nail
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what bacteria causes paronychia Answer: staphylococcus aureus
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The two most common parasitic insects to infect humans
Answer: Scabies and Pediculosis
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herpes zoster (shingles) Answer: a disease that involves a painful, blistering rash accompanied by headache, fever, and a general feeling of unwellness
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Dermatophytes (tinea) Answer: a chronic superficial fungal infection of the skin.
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superficial burns Answer: first degree, damage only the epidermal layer
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superficial partial-thickness burn Answer: second degree, involve the dermis and epidermis
B lymphocyte immunity (humoral) T lymphocyte immunity (cell mediated)
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The primary immune response involved antibodies which are produced by Answer: B cells
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resident flora Answer: microorganisms that normally reside on the skin, mucous membranes, and inside the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts
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metabolic syndrome Answer: A syndrome marked by the presence of usually three or more of a group of factors (as high blood pressure, abdominal obesity, high triglyceride levels, low HDL levels, and high fasting levels of blood sugar) that are linked to increased risk of cardiovascular disease and Type 2 diabetes.
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Anoreixa Nervosa Answer: self-imposed starvation
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bulimia Answer: Binging and purging
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purging Answer: Includes self-induced vomiting, laxative abuse, inappropriate diuretic use, and excessive exercising
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adipokines Answer: proteins synthesized and secreted by adipose cells
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what does polypharmacy mean Answer: 5 or more medications (older adults)
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treatment goals for elderly Answer: quality of life and functional independence, rather than cure
Answer: Answer: Answer: Answer: airway, breathing, circulation, disability, exposure, and fluid restriction
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fluid loss in burns can lead to hypovolemic shock
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albinism Absence of pigment in the skin, hair, and eyes
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vitiligo localized loss of skin pigmentation characterized by milk-white patches
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refractive errors hyperopia, myopia, astigmatism, presbyopia
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hyperopia Answer:
Answer: farsightedness
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myopia Answer: nearsightedness
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astigmatism Answer: defective curvature of the cornea or lens of the eye
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presbyopia Answer: farsightedness caused by loss of elasticity of the lens of the eye, occurring typically in middle and old age.
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strabismus Answer: crossed eyes
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Chronic or open-angle glaucoma Answer: thickening of trabecular network
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macular degeneration Answer: Central vision becomes blurred, then lost
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common cause of visual loss in older adults Answer: macular degeneration
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Cataracts Answer: clouding of the lens
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Changes in the retina caused by alterations of the retinal blood vessels High blood glucose levels cause endothelial injury in the retinal blood vessels Makes the blood vessel walls susceptible to arteriosclerosis, aneurysm, and rupture Blood glucose control is vital to slow progression of retinal changes Answer:
diabetic retinopathy
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lobar pneumonia Answer: bacteria pneumonia
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bronchopneumonia Answer: diseased state of the bronchi and lungs
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aspiration pneumonia Answer: Infection of the lungs caused by inhaling saliva, food, liquid, or vomit
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emphysema and chronic bronchitis Answer: COPD
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the destruction of the alveolar walls and septa, which leads to large, permanently inflated alveolar air spaces and loss of the normal recoil of alveoli
Answer: Answer: Answer: Answer: Answer:
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hydrostatic pressure PUSH factor
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oncotic/osmotic pressure PULL
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hypotonic solution Fluid will shift from ECF to ICF
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Isotonc solution Fluid shifts between ICF and ECF will not occur and the cell will not change shape
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hypertonic solution Fluid will shift from ICF to ECF causing the cell to shrink
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- Buffer pairs in the blood respond to pH changes immediately
- Respiratory system can alter carbonic acid levels to change pH
- Kidneys can modify the excretion rate of acids and absorption of bicarbonate ions to regulate pH (most significant control mechanism, slowest mechanism) Answer: Control of serum pH
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The body has 4 major buffer pairs Answer:
- The sodium bicarbonate-carbonic acid system
- The phosphate system
- The hemoglobin system
- The protein system
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Normal ABG values Answer: pH: 7.35-7. PCO2: 35 - 45 PO2: 80 - 100 Bicarb: 22 - 26 BE: 2 - 6
QUESTION
dysphagia
