Nervous Systems
Brain Development
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Nervous Systems - Application of Biology - Lecture Slides, Slides of Biology
Applications of Biology is most interesting course. Its specialty is, its interesting fro everyone. This lecture also describes some applications. It includes: Nervous Systems, Brain Development, Sympathetic, Arousal, Energy Production, Fight or Flight, Parasympathetic, Back to Maintenance, Autonomic, Somatic
Typology: Slides
2012/2013
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Nervous Systems
Brain Development
Nervous system
Central
nervous
system
Brain
Spinal
cord
Peripheral
nervous
system
Somatic
(voluntary)
nervous system
Motor
pathways
Sensory
pathways
Autonomic
(involuntary)
nervous system
Sympathetic
division
Parasympathetic
division
Sympathetic arousal & energy production “fight or flight” Parasympathetic calming & back to maintenance “rest & digest”
Cephalization = Brain evolution
Cnidarian
nerve net
Simplest nervous system no control of complex actions
More organization but still based on nerve nets; supports more complex movement
Cephalization = clustering of neurons in “brain” at front (anterior) end of bilaterally symmetrical animals
Flatworm Platyhelminthes
nerve cords
associative neurons
Simplest, defined central nervous system more complex muscle control
Echinoderm
radial nerve nerve ribs
→→ where sense organs are
Mollusk
brain
giant axon (^) brain
ventral nerve cords
Arthropod
Further brain development ganglia = neuron clusters along CNS
increase in interneurons in brain region
Earthworm
central nervous system
peripheral nerves
More complex brains connected to all other parts of body by peripheral nerves
More complex brains in predators most sophisticated invertebrate nervous system
Cephalization = Brain evolution
Human brain
Functional divisions of brain
• Hindbrain
– evolutionary older structures of the brain
- regulate essential autonomic & integrative functions
– brainstem
- pons
- medulla oblongata
- midbrain
– cerebellum
– thalamus, hypothalamus
Medulla oblongata & Pons
• Controls autonomic homeostatic
functions
– heart & blood vessel activity
– breathing
– swallowing
– vomiting
– digestion
• Relays information
to & from higher
brain centers
Midbrain
• Involved in the integration of sensory
information
– regulation of
visual reflexes
– regulation of
auditory
reflexes
Cerebrum
• Most highly evolved structure of
mammalian brain
• Cerebrum divided
– hemispheres
– left = right side of
body
– right = left side of
body
• Corpus callosum
– major connection
between 2 hemispheres
Lateralization of Brain Function
• Left hemisphere
- language, math, logic operations, processing of serial sequences of information, visual & auditory details
- detailed activities required for motor control
• Right hemisphere
- pattern recognition, spatial relationships, non-verbal ideation, emotional processing, parallel processing of information
Limbic system
Mediates basic emotions (fear, anger), involved in emotional bonding, establishes emotional memory
Amygdala involved in recognizing emotional content of facial expression Docsity.com
Eye Blink or Pain Withdrawal Reflex
Effector
(muscle)
Spinal
cord
Gray Interneuron
matter
White
matter
Motor
neuron
Sensory
neuron
Receptor
in skin
Stimulus
cerebrum cerebellum spinal cord (^) cervical nerves
thoracic nerves
lumbar nerves
femoral nerve sciatic nerve
tibial nerve
Any Questions??