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My Atatürk's Principles Note –Istanbul Universty
Atatürk's Principles consist of specific articles; these are:
Republicanism Nationalism Populism Statism Secularism Reformism The principles, which can be considered as Atatürk's spiritual legacy, are derived from the "Nine Principles" (Dokuz Umde) that Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, as the President of the Anatolian and Rumelia Defense of Rights Society, published on April 8, 1923. These nine principles also form the core of the program of the People’s Party (Halk Fırkası), which was founded on September 11, 1923, under the presidency of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk. In the first article of these principles, national sovereignty is emphasized, stating that "sovereignty unconditionally belongs to the nation," and that the only authority to make decisions on behalf of the nation is the Grand National Assembly of Turkey. The second article mentions the abolition of the sultanate, which was accepted as an unchangeable clause on November 1, 1922. The third article states that the primary responsibility of the state is to ensure security. The most significant article among these principles is the one emphasizing independence (Article 9). This article, which carries a message, states that any peace treaty that does not ensure financial, economic, and administrative independence will not be accepted. Thus, it underlines the essence of complete independence. Democracy, on the other hand, refers to government by the people.
Nationalism
Nationalism, after the French Revolution in the 18th century, spread across the world and played an important role in the formation of political freedom ideas and the foundations of nation-states. It also overlapped with the Turkish definition. In Article 88 of the 1924 Constitution, the concept of "Turk" was defined as "those who are citizens of Turkey, regardless of religion or ethnicity,
are called Turkish," putting forward the concept of citizenship. In short, a person defining themselves as Turkish could also be considered a citizen of Turkey. The principle of nationalism accepts national independence, unity, and solidarity. It is peaceful; it opposes sectarianism and racism. Additionally, the principle of nationalism is secular and democratic.
Populism
Populism is the concept of the people governing themselves, with everyone being considered equal by law in a classless and non-privileged social system. Equality holds a significant place. The War of National Liberation was won not by any particular class or group, but by the Turkish people acting in a spirit of unity and solidarity. Since the opening of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey (GNAT), Atatürk emphasized that the National Struggle belonged to the people, presented the populist program to the newly opened GNAT on September 13, 1920, and named the party he founded the "People's Party" (Halk Fırkası), reflecting the importance he placed on this principle. During the War of Independence, Mustafa Kemal Pasha, in a speech at the GNAT, said: "The true owner and master of Turkey is the peasant, the real producer. I can say that the sole reason for today's destruction and poverty is our failure to recognize this truth."
Secularism
Secularism means the separation of religion and state affairs. The abolition of the sultanate on November 1, 1922, the declaration of the republic on October 29, 1923, the abolition of the caliphate and the Ministry of Religious Affairs on March 3, 1924, the acceptance of the Law on Unification of Education on March 3, 1924, were important steps in the establishment of a secular state. However, the most fundamental changes on the path to secularism occurred in the 1924 Constitution. On February 5, 1937, the principle of secularism was included in the Constitution. After all the reforms and regulations made towards secularism, on February 5, 1937, the second article of the Constitution was amended to say: "The State of Turkey is Republican, Nationalist, Populist, Statist, Secular, and Reformist. Its official language is Turkish. Its capital is Ankara," and secularism was officially included in the Constitution for the first time.
independence, national sovereignty, modernization, reason, and science are the common values that define all of the principles.
- Explanation of Atatürk's Principles : This section explains the conceptual meanings of Atatürk's principles and what they represent for the Atatürkist thought system. Students should gain an understanding of the foundational principles of the Republic of Turkey and the Atatürkist thought system. Reference: https://aos.istanbul.edu.tr/ders-islemleri/ders-unite/3500310062006E0030004B 004C00550079004D0041003D00/6D007200700077005A 0055003D
