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Cognition
Focuses on the brain as an INFORMATION PROCESSOR Stimulus ---> Brain ---> ResponsePlaces an emphasis on understanding how our neck top computers work TERM 2
The Mind as a Computer
DEFINITION 2 Computer BrainInput: Hardware Input: SensesKeyboard Seeing, Hearing, Touching Processing: RAM Processing: MemoryCPU's Neural Networks Output: Hardware Output: BehaviorMonitor, Printer TERM 3
Memory
DEFINITION 3 The process by which we encode and retrieve information TERM 4
3 Steps of Memory
DEFINITION 4
1. Encoding Events are translated into a neural code that can be interpreted by neural mechanisms 2. Storage The neural representation of an event is retained 3. Retrieval The event is retrieved from storage and used (either consciously or unconsciously) TERM 5
3 Component Model of Memory
DEFINITION 5 Storage Storage Storage Input Encoding Encoding Sensory Working Long Term Memory Memory Memory Retrieval Storage takes place via 3 interactive memory systems
Sensory Memory
Briefly stores sensory information for processingShort Term Storage(i.e. milliseconds to seconds)High CapacitySpecific to each sensei.e. ICONIC memory ECHOIC memory TERM 7
Working Memory
DEFINITION 7 Stores memories in conscious registries for accessShort term (i.e. Seconds)Low Capacity (The Magical Number)Information can be maintained in working memory via rehearsal TERM 8
Chunking
DEFINITION 8 Increasing the efficacy of short term memory by meaningful unitsI.e. Recall of Telephone numbers TERM 9
Working Memory
DEFINITION 9 Expertise Expertise can facilitate the number of items that can be chunked Non experts & Experts TERM 10
Long-Term Memory
DEFINITION 10 The unlimited store of memories that we have acquired through experienceThere are many types of long term memory
Encoding
In communications and information processing, code is a system of rules to convert information-such as a letter, word, sound, image, or gesture-into another form or representation, sometimes shortened or secret, for communication through a channel or storage in a medium. TERM 17
Phonological Encoding
DEFINITION 17 Attending to phonemic characteristics of a stimulusChairRabbitStatuesWhat do these words rhyme with? A MEDIUM level of processing TERM 18
Semantic Encoding
DEFINITION 18 Attending to the semantic characteristics of a stimulusChairRabbitStatueAre any of the above items animate? A DEEP level of processing TERM 19
Elaboration Through Organization
DEFINITION 19 Deep Encoding can be facilitated by organizaing to-be- learned items in a meaningful wayRecall:Chunking:Combining items into larger meaningful units TERM 20
Mneumonics
DEFINITION 20 Using memory aids to recall information
Schemas
An Organized pattern of thought of some aspect of the world TERM 22
Expert Schemas
DEFINITION 22 Experts have more developed schemas than novices TERM 23
Storage
DEFINITION 23 How information is STORED in long term memory banks (networks)Neural Networks:Semantic information is carried in the patter of activation TERM 24
PDP Networks
DEFINITION 24 Memories are stored by reweighing connections between nodesCan be used to describe any learned behavior (e.g. Hand position) TERM 25
Nodes
DEFINITION 25 In general, a node is a localised swelling or a point of intersection (a vertex).
Retrieval
Retrieving information from long term memoryRetrieval Cue:Some cue (internal or external) that triggers elements associated with the cue TERM 32
Tip-Of-The-Tongue-Phenomenon
DEFINITION 32 When you can remember various facets related to a word, but not the word itself TERM 33
Millers Magic Number
DEFINITION 33 7 plus or minus 2 TERM 34
Flashbulb Memories
DEFINITION 34 Memories of emotional public eventsFlashbulb memories are often characterized by strong contextual cues, but are they accurate? TERM 35
Encoding Specifically
DEFINITION 35 Memories are retrieved better when the conditions present during encoding are present during retreving.Context Dependent MemoryorState Dependent Memory
When Memory Doesnt
Work
There are several instances when memories are not accurate1. ForgettingWhen information cannot be appropriately retrieved from long term stores2. False MemoriesMemories for events that are distorted or that never occured TERM 37
Forgetting
DEFINITION 37 For TRUE forgetting, the information must have been encoded, just not successfully retrieved
