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https://gioumeh.com/product/materials-science-and-engineering-solution/ -------------------------------------------------------------------------- Authors: William D. Callister, David G. Rethwisch Published: Wiley 2009 , Wiley 2013 Edition: 8th , 9th Pages: 1146 , 1474 Type: pdf Size: 13 , 20 MB Content: 8th and 9th edition solution manual
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J.F. Shackelford, Introduction to Materials Science for Engineers , 9 th^ Edition
Chapter 2 End of Chapter Problems
Section 2.1 Atomic Structure
The gram-atom is Avogadro’s number of atoms of a given element. The mole is the corresponding term for a compound. For example, a mole of NaCl contains Avogadro’s number of Na atoms and Avogadro’s number of Cl atoms.
All have two s -shell electrons and two p -shell electrons associated with their 4+ valence.
One might also note that, as one goes to higher atomic numbers, the shell numbers increase:
Element Atomic Number Outer Shell Electrons C 6 2 s and 2 p Si 14 3 s and 3 p Ge 32 4 s and 4 p Sn 50 5 s and 5 p Pb 82 6 s and 6 p
Finally, one can also note that sp^3 hybridization corresponds to the uniform (tetrahedral) bonding configuration of elements such as C and Si.
Section 2.2 The Ionic Bond
The gain of an electron (or electrons) in forming the anion means that the positively charged protons in the nucleus are attracting a larger number of electrons less tightly.
The positively charged cation will attract the negatively charged anions equally in all directions, and vice versa.
