Managing Complexity in Computer Systems: Abstraction and Levels of Abstraction, Slides of Computer Aided Design (CAD)

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CS 352

Computer Organization & Design

Fall 2010

Managing Complexity with Abstraction

• Designers deal with the extreme complexity of

microprocessors by using abstraction.

• Focus only on 1-2 levels of abstraction at a time
• Similar to OOD
• Don’t need to know how the module works,

just that it does work.

• And the interface

Levels of Abstraction in a Computer

System

Apps O/S Arch mArch Logic Digital Analog Devices Physics software hardware Applications – Generic Software Operating System – Controlling Software Architecture – HW/SW Interface marchitecture – High-level organization Digital Logic – Building-block Modules Digital Circuits – Continuous  Discrete Analog Circuits – Fun with Electricity Devices – Transistors, Capacitors, etc. Physical Properties – Electrons, Ions, etc.

What would you say is the greatest invention of the 20 th century? (ABC News poll, 1999) Top responses % Computers 30 Automobile 12 Electricity 9 Television 9 Telephone/Telecommunications 7 Airplane 4 Medicines/Vaccinations 4

What would you say is the greatest invention of the 20 th century? (ABC News poll, 1999) Top responses % Computers 30 Automobile 12 Electricity 9 Television 9 Telephone/Telecommunications 7 Airplane 4 Medicines/Vaccinations 4 “The transistor; without it, the XBOX would probably be the size of a city.”

• nate66, some xbox forum

Introduction of Microelectronics

• Miniaturization of immense proportions

Transistor : This is an abbreviated combination of the words "transconductance" or "transfer", and "varistor". The device logically belongs in the varistor family, and has the transconductance or transfer impedance of a device having gain, so that this combination is descriptive. — Bell Telephone Laboratories — Technical Memorandum (May 28, 1948) Integrated Circuit : Miniaturized electronic circuit manufactured in a thin layer of semiconductor material.

The Power of Miniaturization

EDSAC 1 (1949)

~ 500 OPs Pentium 4 (2002) ~ 12 GFLOPs 24,000,000 times faster

Analog Circuits – Electrons in

Motion

s s (^) d s (^) d d g g s d g The NMOS Transistor Apps O/S Arch mArch Logic Digital Analog Devices Physics

The Most Powerful Abstraction

Apps O/S Arch mArch Logic Digital Analog Devices Physics Input Output 0 1 1 0 From here on out: ~ Max voltage = 1 ~ Low voltage = 0