Making Nanotechnology Safe - Nanotechnology - Lecture Slides, Slides of Nanotechnology

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Short Project (Midterm) CHEN 489

Prepared by: Group U6 - Pavitra Timbalia,

Michael Trevathan, Jared Walker

 Part I

 Introduction

 Methodology for Safer Nanotechnology

 Applications

 Part II

 Introduction

 Environment, Health, & Safety

 Laws & Regulations

 Part III

 Risk Perception

 Public Opinion

 Results

 Nanoparticles: have at least one dimension in the 1- 100 nm range  $147 billion dollars worth of nano-enabled products produced in 2007 – increase to $3.1 trillion in 2015  Concern about health hazards of nanoparticles – quantum dots & carbon nanotubes Hazard – relationship between dose and acute & chronic responses of substance Hazards are encountered during material processing, transporting, manufacturing, use, & disposal Focus on risk mitigation – minimize risk and maximize benefits

http://chemwebsearch.files.wordpress.com/2008/08/poison-symbol.png

http://blogs.cornell.edu/theessentials/files/2010/01/money.jpg

Morose, Gregory. "The 5 principles of ‘‘Design for Safer Nanotechnology’’." Production 18 (2010): 285-89. Web. 22 Feb. 2010. Journal of Cleaner

 Design approaches  Applied during the design stage for nanoparticles  Non-design approaches  Applied during subsequent stages in the product life cycle: material processing, product manufacturing, use, and end-of- life.  Use techniques from several fields: hygiene, cleaner production, product stewardship  About 70% of the costs of product’s development, manufacture, and use is determined in the initial design of a product – mitigate risk during design stage rather than downstream  Five design principles presented in following slides – initial foundation to mitigate risk

http://www.rave-tech.com/userfiles/prod uct-development-1.jpg

Morose, Gregory. "The 5 principles of ‘‘Design for Safer Nanotechnology’’." Production 18 (2010): 285-89. Web. 22 Feb. 2010. Journal of Cleaner

 Using alternate materials to replace the hazardous nanoparticle – but still provide desired functionality  Combination of materials  Substitution  Careful analysis of alternate materials needed  If no alternates available, may need to redesign product so that hazardous material no longer used

Morose, Gregory. "The 5 principles of ‘‘Design for Safer Nanotechnology’’." Production 18 (2010): 285-89. Web. 22 Feb. 2010. Journal of Cleaner http://dipc.ehu.es/nano2006/Nanoparticles.jpg

 Intentional bonding of atoms or molecules to nanoparticles to change the properties of the nanoparticles  Desired product properties preserved, but hazard is reduced  Biomedical applications of nanotechnology – need to be able to excrete nanoparticles after use instead of them accumulating in the body  Can be accomplished by changing the solubility of the particle http://www.ifm.liu.se/compchem/research/pics/Gd2O3.gif Morose, Gregory. "The 5 principles of ‘‘Design for Safer Nanotechnology’’." Production 18 (2010): 285-89. Web. 22 Feb. 2010. Journal of Cleaner

 If the above four principles can not be applied, reducing the quantity of the hazardous material will reduce the total hazard presented  For example, the amount of mercury in fluorescent light bulbs greatly reduced through design engineering

Morose, Gregory. "The 5 principles of ‘‘Design for Safer Nanotechnology’’." Production 18 (2010): 285-89. Web. 22 Feb. 2010. Journal of Cleaner http://www.cpbn.org/files/images/CFL_Lamps_Image.img_assist_custom.jpg

 Concern of nanoparticles harming human health  One such concern is in the lungs: fiber length can result in incomplete or frustrated phagocytosis by alveolar macrophages  Redox activity can cause large amount of reactive oxygen species, which can damage lipids and DNA  Can reduce the adverse effects carbon nanotubes  Through changing the size, surface, and functionalization of the nanotube

Morose, Gregory. "The 5 principles of ‘‘Design for Safer Nanotechnology’’." Production 18 (2010): 285-89. Web. 22 Feb. 2010. Journal of Cleaner http://mrbarlow.files.wordpress.com/2009/04/carbon-nanotube.jpg

Part II - Comparison

 Nanotechnology:

▪ Involves the manufacture, processing, and application of structures, devices and systems by controlling shape and size at the nanometer scale

 Many new nanoparticle (NP) products have been

released into the market

 Potential (eco)toxicological effects and impacts of

NPs have received little attention

http://www.treehugger.com/files/2007/05/nanotech_environment.php

 Environment, health, and safety (EHS)  EHS concerns businesses venturing into nanotechnology  Potential Concerns  Exposure through dermal penetration and/or inhalation  Translocation through bloodstream  Accumulation in various organs  Penetration through cell membranes

Monica, John and Calster Geert van. “A Nanotechnology Legal Framework.” 2010.

http://singularityhub.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/01/nanotechnology.jpg

 Inhalation Research

 Some particles traverse epithelial and endothelial

cells to reach the blood and lymph circulation

 This carries them to potentially sensitive sites:

▪ Bone marrow ▪ Lymph nodes ▪ Spleen ▪ Heart ▪ Central nervous system

Schmidt, Charles W. “Nanotechnology- Related Environment, Health, and SafetyResearch. April 2009. http://www.topnews.in/files/nanotechnology_0.jpg

 Currently 50,000 different types of carbon

nanotubes – uses include:  Raw materials  Production Processes  Catalysts

 Providing reliable data for safety and risk

assessment is an immense task

 Assessing the toxicity and risk of these materials is

well beyond available resources

http://www.turbosquid.com/3d-models/nanotube-tube-3d-model/

http://image.spreadshirt.net/image-server/image/composition/16269107/view/1/producttypecolor/2/type/png/width/280/height/

Savolainen, Kai. “Safety of engineered nanomaterials and emerging nanotechnologies – do weknow enough to allow us to make reliable judgements?” 2009.

 Characterization of NPs and understanding the association between these characteristics and their toxic effects  Defining ports of entry and translocation of these materials within the body  Defining the critical target organs of NPs and understanding the mechanisms of toxicity of these materials  Providing reliable and affordable means for assessment of exposure to NPs in different environments

Savolainen, Kai. “Safety of engineered nanomaterials and emerging nanotechnologies – do weknow enough to allow us to make reliable judgements?” 2009.