First Edition
by William Stallings and Lawrie Brown
Lecture slides by Lawrie Brown
Chapter 2 – Cryptographic Tools
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LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY, Essays (university) of Cybercrime, Cybersecurity and Data Privacy
Cybecryptography cryptography algorithmsExplanation: WiFi Protected Setup (WPS) began to show up a few years back on wireless access points as a new way of adding or connecting new devices to the network by just pushing a key (within the router) & typing an eight-digit password on the client device. Sanfoundry Global Education & Learning Series – Cyber Security.
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First Edition by William Stallings and Lawrie Brown Lecture slides by Lawrie Brown
Chapter 2 – Cryptographic Tools
Cryptographic Tools
- (^) cryptographic algorithms important element in security services
- (^) review various types of elements
- (^) symmetric encryption
- (^) public-key (asymmetric) encryption
- (^) digital signatures and key management
- (^) secure hash functions
- (^) example is use to encrypt stored data
- (^) Ciphertext is encrypted text. Plaintext is what
you have before encryption, and ciphertext is
the encrypted result.
- (^) The term cipher is sometimes used as a
synonym for ciphertext , but it more properly
means the method of encryption rather than the
result.
Symmetric Encryption
Exhaustive Key Search
Symmetric Encryption Algorithms
Advanced Encryption Standard (AES)
- (^) needed a better replacement for DES
- (^) NIST called for proposals in 1997
- (^) efficiency, security, HW/SW suitability, 128,
256, 256 keys
- (^) selected Rijndael in Nov 2001
- (^) symmetric block cipher
- (^) uses 128 bit data & 128/192/256 bit keys
- (^) now widely available commercially
Block
verses
Stream
Ciphers
Message Authentication
- (^) protects against active attacks
- verifies received message is authentic
- (^) contents unaltered
- (^) from authentic source
- (^) timely and in correct sequence
- (^) can use conventional encryption
- (^) only sender & receiver have key needed
- (^) or separate authentication mechanisms
- (^) append authentication tag to cleartext message
- (^) When a hash function is used to provide message authentication, the hash function value is referred to as message digest. Thus, Message authentication code is also known as keyed hash function.
Message Authentication Codes
Message
Authenticat
-ion
Hash Function Requirements
- (^) applied to any size data
- H produces a fixed-length output.
- (^) H( x ) is relatively easy to compute for any given x
- (^) one-way property
- (^) computationally infeasible to find x such that H( x ) = h
- (^) weak collision resistance
- (^) computationally infeasible to find y ≠ x such tha H( y ) = H( x )
- (^) strong collision resistance
- (^) computationally infeasible to find any pair ( x , y ) such that H( x ) = H( y )
Public Key Encryption
Public Key Authentication
Authentication and/or data integrity