Social Relationships and Family Life Across the Lifespan: A Comprehensive Overview, Slides of Psychology

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FRIENDS AND FAMILY

CHAPTER 13

Module 13.1 Social

Relationships across the

Life Span

Play

• Play is critical to the overall development of young children
• Changes over time
• Becomes more sophisticated, interactive, cooperative
• Gradually more dependent on social and cognitive skills

Categorizing Play

• Functional play: simple, repetitive activities typical of 3 - year-olds that may involve objects or repetitive muscular movements
• Constructive play: activities in which children manipulate objects to produce or build something

Social Aspects of Play

Social Aspects of Play

Associative Play

• Children interact with one another in groups of two or more
• Children share or borrow toys or materials, but do not do the same thing

Cooperative Play

• Children play with one another, take turns, play games, and devise contests

Preschoolers' Theory of Mind

• Social interaction and pretend play ToM
• Increasingly see the world from others' perspectives understand that others have emotions
• Imagine something that is not physically present pretend that something has
• Happened and react as if it really had occurred

Friendships in Middle Childhood

• Provide emotional support and help handle stress
• Teach emotional management and control
• Teach about communication with others
• Foster intellectual growth
• Allow practice of relationship skills

Damon's Stages of Friendship

• Stage 3 (ages 11-15 years)
  • Friendships become based on intimacy and loyalty
  • Friendships involve mutual disclosure and exclusivity Basing Friendship on Psychological Closeness

Gender and friendships

 Avoidance of other sex becomes pronounced

 Gender segregation of friendships occurs in

almost all societies

Conformity: Peer Pressure in Adolescence  Some teens are highly susceptible to peer pressure, the influence of one's peers to conform to their behavior and attitudes.  Susceptibility to peer pressure does not rise in adolescence; in fact, conformity decreases as adolescents increase their own autonomy.  Ultimately, adolescents conform less to both peers as adults, as they grow in confidence in the ability to make their own decisions.  If teens do not resist the urge to conform to peers, they will likely get into trouble.

Race Segregation

• Adolescents of different ethnicities and races interact very little
• Minority students may seek support from others who share their minority status  affirm their identity
• Discrimination  less academic achievement
• Lack of contact  prejudice, both perceived and real

Family Ties: Changing Relations with Relations

Parental

views

questioned

Role shifts

Cultural

factors

The Quest for Autonomy Adolescents increasingly seek autonomy, independence and a sense of control

• Primary developmental task
• Grows gradually over course of adolescence
• Consists of changes in relational symmetry