Learning Outcomes - Community Development - Lecture Slides, Slides of Human Development

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Community development

Learning Outcomes

• Discuss individual & community empowerment as an approach to health promotion.
• Provide a brief account of the history and development of community development (CD) as a means of community empowerment.
• Examine the notion of “community”.

Empowerment and health

promotion

Ottawa Charter

• Developing public policy
• Developing personal skills
• Strengthening community action
• Creating supportive environments
• Reorienting health services

Ottawa Charter

“Health promotion works through concrete and effective community action in setting priorities, making decisions, planning strategies and implementing them to achieve better health. At the heart of this process is the empowerment of communities, their ownership and control over their own endeavours and destinies”.

Community development and

health promotion

• Recurring theme in health promotion.
• Women’s Movement - 1960s.
• Popularity of idea has waxed and waned - nature of government.

What is a “community”?

• Currently popular: Social Inclusion Partnerships, New Community Schools.
• Social capital and health.

94 definitions of community! “ …a grouping of people who share a common purpose, interest or need, and who can express their relationship through communication, face to face, as well as by other means without difficulty.” Tones (1994)

Community Development (CD)

One definition

“a way of working to empower groups

of people by identifying their concerns and working with them to plan a program of action to address these concerns”. Naidoo andWills

CD - Background

• Social work, sociology, community welfare & community psychology.
• Paulo Friere - literacy programmes in Peru and Brazil (1970s).
• Critical conscious raising.

CD - Application

• User led - participation in health needs assessment.
• Focus on process.
• Focus on needs of disadvantaged and vulnerable groups.

Why CD?

• Arguments for:
• Starts with people’s concerns.
• Focuses on root causes of ill health – not symptoms.
• Creates awareness of the social causes of ill health.
• Enables through involvement.
• Enables acquisition of transferable skills e.g., communication, lobbying.
• Enhances equity and democratic accountability.

Limitations

• Time consuming
• Results not tangible or quantifiable.
• Evaluation is difficult.
• Without evaluation – difficult to gain funding.
• Professional accountability – employer or community.

Limitations

• Small group work the norm.
• Secondary socialisation as professional makes CD difficult.
• Draws attention away from macro issues to focus on local neighbourhoods.

Bradshaw’s Taxonomy of need

• Felt need
• Expressed need
• Normative need
• Comparative need
• Perceptions of need are bound up in attitudes and values - power.

Social Inclusion Partnerships (SiPs)

• Representatives statutory bodies, i.e.,
  • Local authorities
  • Health boards
  • Voluntary sector
  • Community representatives
  • Universities and colleges
  • Private sector