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Clinical phrm 1 for third year
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3 E-PH First Shifting August 10, 2020 Reviewer 1
Medical Chart
I. Physical Exam
Surgical Form
3 E-PH First Shifting August 15, 2020 Reviewer 2 HYPERTENSION Intended Learning Outcomes: At the end of the module the students are expected to:
The pressure receptor (Baroreceptor) responds to changes in blood pressure and affects the dilation and contraction of the arteries. When stimulated to constrict, it increases heart rate and increases total peripheral resistance thus increasing the blood pressure. RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN-ALDOSTERONE SYSTEM Renin (an enzyme) is released as a response to sympathetic stimulation, decrease sodium delivery in the distal tubule and renal artery hypertension. It reacts with angiotensinogen to produce Angiotensin I which is a weak vasoconstrictor. Angiotensin Converting Enzyme or ACE, then hydrolyzes decapeptide angiotensin I to form octapeptide angiotensin II which a potent vasoconstrictor. Angiotensin II has several functions in the regulation of blood pressure which includes the following:
Fig 10. Blood pressure threshold and recommendation for treatment and follow up from the 2017 ACC/AHA Guideline for Hypertension. NON-PHARMACOLOGIC THERAPY FOR HYPERTENSION includes lifestyle modification such as exercise, smoking cessation, weight reduction for patients who are overweight and obese, low salt & low-fat diet, judicious consumption of alcohol and adequate nutritional intake of vitamins and minerals such as those rich in calcium and potassium. Best proven non-pharmacologic interventions for prevention and treatment of hypertension from the 2017 ACC/ AHA Guideline for Hypertension is presented in Figure
PHARMACOLOGIC THERAPY FOR HYPERTENSION Initial drug choice for hypertension is affected by coexistent factors such as:
The first line of treatment for hypertension in the absence of any contraindication for its use is Thiazide diuretics. Calcium channel blockers and ACE inhibitors are as effective as beta blockers but with fewer side effects. Blood pressure is managed with any of the given class of agents, a change within the drug class may be useful in reducing adverse effects. For initial treatment, the lowest possible effective dose should be used for BP control and adjusted every 1 – 3 months as needed. What should be done if there is an inadequate patient response to the current drug regimen? Majority of the patients with stage 1 hypertension can attain adequate BP control with single – drug therapy but when a 2nd drug is needed, it can be generally chosen from among the other first line agents. DIURETICS
According to the 8th Joint National Commission, first line recommendations for hypertensive patients are Thiazide diuretics, Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitor, Angiotensin Receptor Blocker, Long Acting Calcium Channel Blocker or a single-pill combination of the said drug classes. A combination of 2 first line drug may be considered as initial therapy if the blood pressure is
20 mmHg systolic or >10 mmHg diastolic above the target blood pressure. Initial drug selection is based on comorbidities and race, fig. 17. shows initial monotherapy for the different comorbidities with respect to race. HYPERTENSION TREATMENT FOR THE SPECIAL POPULATION Geriatric Patients In elderly patients, monotherapy is clearly inadequate for controlling the blood pressure and preventing cardiovascular outcomes and stroke. Thiazide like diuretics are the cornerstone antihypertensive agents for elderly patients. They have a tract record in preventing stroke and other cardiovascular events. Just take note of their side effects such as hypokalemia, dehydration and orthostatic hypertension. Calcium channel blockers on the other hand may also be used as an alternative as first line treatment in some patients with metabolic syndrome. For elderly patients with concomitant cardiovascular disease the use of ACE inhibitors or ARBS is recommended. It reduces the incidence of new onset of diabetes. It is less robust in BP lowering BP than calcium channel blocker and diuretics. It is most useful when combined with a diuretic or calcium channel blocker. Coughing is a significant side effect associated with the use ACE inhibitors. Diabetic Patients The use of ACE inhibitors and ARBs in hypertensive patients with diabetes have shown to prevent or delay microvascular and macrovascular complications associated with diabetes, thus is recommended as their first line of antihypertensive agents. ACE inhibitors also delays the progression of diabetic kidney disease. In a systematic review of the use of ACE inhibitors in patients with diabetic kidney disease showed that treatment at maximum tolerable dosages was associated with a significant reduction in the risk of all-cause mortality. Treatment with dosages of up to one half the maximum did not reduce all-cause mortality rates. The NKF recommends that ACE inhibitors or ARBs are preferred agents for the treatment of hypertension in patients with diabetes and stage 1, 2, 3, or 4 chronic kidney disease. However, transient reduction in GFR and an increase in serum creatinine levels may result from the initiation of ACE inhibitors and ARB. The use of thiazide like diuretics either as monotherapy or as part of a combination is also found to be beneficial in treatment of hypertension in patients with diabetes, though it is less effective in patients with diminished renal function and may cause metabolic alterations. At the same time the use of higher dosage of thiazide like diuretic have been linked in cholesterol and triglyceride level elevation and loss of glycemic control. Beta-blockers are useful adjuncts when combination therapy is needed to achieve target blood pressure in diabetic patients, although they are known to mask the symptoms of hypoglycemia. They significantly decrease post MI rates and mortality associated with heart failure. Calcium channel Blockers are less effective compared to ACE inhibitors and ARBs in slowing progression of diabetic kidney disease. This group of medication is reserved for patients who cannot tolerate preferred agents or those who need additional agents to achieve their blood pressure goals. As a general rule, β-blockers should not be used as first-line treatment in patients with diabetes mellitus and hypertension due to unfavorable effect on endocrine metabolism. However, a β-blocker is still a useful add-on antihypertensive agent, especially in patients with coronary artery disease, tachycardia and heart failure. Figure 18 shows the diagram for the management of hypertension in patients with diabetes Patients with Renal Diseases Good blood pressure control slows down the progression of renal dysfunction for patients with chronic renal impairment. ACE inhibitors reduces the incidence of end-stage renal failure, it reduces 24 - h protein loss and should be used in patients with 24-h excretion of >3g or rapidly progressive renal dysfunction. Caution must be taken as its use may worsen renal impairment in patients with renal vascular disease thus careful monitoring of electrolytes and creatinine must be mandatory. Pregnancy Pre-eclampsia is a condition where the blood pressure increases by 30/15mmHg from the measurements obtained during the early stages of pregnancy or if the diastolic blood pressure exceeds 110mmHg and proteinuria is present. In patients with pre-eclampsia, Methyldopa is the most suitable drug of choice, although Calcium channel blockers, hydralazine, labetalol may also be used. Beta blockers are less often utilizes as they are associated with intrauterine growth retardation. ACE inhibitors and ARBs on the other hand are contraindicated as they cause oligohydramnios, renal failure and intrauterine death.
Thiazides Diuretics