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IPM and Pest Interactions: Direct vs. Indirect Effects, Slides of Pest Management

The LNM Institute of Information TechnologyPest Management

The concept of direct and indirect pest interactions in integrated pest management (ipm). Direct interactions refer to the immediate effect of pests on each other or on the crop, while indirect interactions involve the role of other factors such as natural enemies, environmental conditions, or management practices. The document also covers the importance of biodiversity in ipm and the challenges and benefits of implementing ecologically-based pest management systems.

Typology: Slides

2012/2013

Uploaded on 08/31/2013

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This subject excludes the direct
effects of:
•Interactions within pest categories (i.e. –
pathogen – pathogen). But note that
viruses, bacteria, fungi, & nematodes are
different ―categories‖ for Norris et al.
•Interactions between pests and their
natural enemies
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Partial preview of the text

Download IPM and Pest Interactions: Direct vs. Indirect Effects and more Slides Pest Management in PDF only on Docsity!

This subject excludes the direct

effects of:

  • Interactions within pest categories (i.e. – pathogen – pathogen). But note that viruses, bacteria, fungi, & nematodes are different ―categories‖ for Norris et al.
  • Interactions between pests and their natural enemies

Reading Assignment for Monday

  1. Check the Reading Assignments page
    • Note the assignments that are covered in the exam
  2. Chapter 8, pp. 172 – 208

Direct Interaction

( A + B ) -> Outcome

Four possibilities

1 – Together, one (or both) pest 2 –^ A^ helps^ B

3 – A needs B

4 – A and/or B are worse together

Not Crop Pest

Crop Pest

Not Crop Pest Crop Pest

A

B

Examples by Category

  1. Green vegetable bug becomes a problem if provided with non-pest weeds.
  2. Ants tending aphids.
  3. Weeds as alternate hosts for pathogens.

Overwintering hosts for aphids.

  1. cf. item 4 on p. 136 (cutworms & chinch bugs) & item 5 on p. 137 of text.

Ecosystem and Biodiversity in IPM

  • Why did monocultures become so widespread?
  • Can we expect monocultures to continue?
  • If so, how can we make biodiversity relevant? At what spatial scale will this relevancy be realized (cf. p. 157).

Frequent Disadvantages of

Biodiversity in CPS

  1. Increasing plant diversity decreases density of marketable commodities
  2. Increased density/diversity of herbivores (cf. p. 136 –
  3. Increased alternative hosts for pathogens
  4. Larger complex of species to be managed
  5. More complex production system/equipment needed to deal with mixed plantings
  6. Dilution of inputs (fertilizer, water)
  7. Decreases in commodity quality common (size, color, texture, etc.)
  8. Increased cost of commodity as a result of the above

Contrast with benefits noted on p. 158

4. Applying Ecological Principles to

Managing Pest Populations

  • IPM is an implementation vehicle for ecological knowledge.
  • Degree of implementation varies, recall the IPM continuum.
  • Many examples available, see reading for ―A Whole Farm Approach to Managing Pests.‖ In particular, note the sidebars.

Implementation of Ecological

Principles in IPM

  • Goal is preventative – keep pest populations from causing damage.
  • Requires increased knowledge, observation, management – Increased costs not immediately offset
  • Must return multiple benefits for adoption
  • Usually helps, seldom adequate in itself

Ecologically—Based Pest

Management

  • Basic Ideas:
    • Refocus pest management on maintaining ecological balance
    • Change management emphasis from individual species/components to processes, interactions between multiple species
  • 3 Basic Principles
    • Safety
    • Durability
    • Profitability

EBPM Status

  • Much research is funded annually
  • Profitability issues remain, EBPM systems often not as profitable or are too risky compared to existing IPM systems
  • EBPM generally relies on collective efforts (e.g. cooperatives, public oversight, etc.) which have yet to be accepted on a wide scale.

Many similar themes along these

lines

Here‘s a small sample. Follow the links to read a little about each one & get the idea.

  • Permaculture
  • Biointensive Pest Management
  • Regenerative Agriculture
  • Biodynamic Agriculture

Notes on First Hour Exam

  • Scheduled for Monday, Feb. 23
  • Covers everything through this point
    • Chapters 1 – 7 in text
    • All assigned reading
    • Lecture notes
    • Be sure that you can do the exercises
  • Structure will be short answer (~2/3 of grade), longer answer (most of the rest). Might be some matching.
  • Note that the course has been re-organized since last time so old exams are helpful only for structure.
  • Exam starts promptly at 8:00 & papers are collected at 8:50.