Individual Differences and Traits, Slides of Behavioural Science

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INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES

Individual Differences Framework

Individual Differences Framework

Personality

Personality

Leadership Style and

Leadership Style and

Behaviors

Behaviors

Abilities &

Abilities &

Skills

Skills

Values

Values

Environment

Environment

Culture & education

Culture & education

Parental Influence

Parental Influence

Physical Environment

Physical Environment

Heredity

Heredity

Genes

Genes

Race/Ethnicity

Race/Ethnicity

Gender

Gender

INDIVIDUAL CHARATERISTICS

INDIVIDUAL CHARATERISTICS

Personality

Psychological characteristics

Stable over time and across

situations

A set of characteristics, rather

than one trait

Makes the person unique and

different from others

Abilities and Skills

Ability, or aptitude, is a stable natural talent for

doing something mental or physical.

A skill is an acquired talent that a person develops

related to a specific task.

Social Perception

Social Perception -

Social Perception -

interpreting information

about another person

Perceiver Characteristics

Familiarity with target

Attitudes/Mood

Self-Concept

Cognitive structure

Social Perception

Social Perception -

Social Perception -

interpreting information

about another person

Perceiver Characteristics

Familiarity with target

Attitudes/Mood

Self-Concept

Cognitive structure

Target Characteristics

Physical appearance

Verbal communication

Nonverbal cues

Intentions

The Perception Process

ATTENTION

• The Perceived
• The Perceiver

ATTENTION

• The Perceived
• The Perceiver

ORGANIZATION

• Patterns
• Schemas
• Scripts

ORGANIZATION

• Patterns
• Schemas
• Scripts

PERCEPTION

PERCEPTION

Personality Theories

Trait Theory - understand individuals by breaking down behavior

patterns into observable traits

Psychodynamic Theory - emphasizes the unconscious

determinants of behavior

Humanistic Theory - emphasizes individual growth and

improvement

Integrative Approach - describes personality as a composite of an

individual’s psychological processes

Variables Influencing

Individual Behavior

The Person

skills & abilities

personality

perception

attribution

attitudes

values

ethics

The Environment

organization

work group

job

personal life

The Environment

organization

work group

job

personal life

Behavior

Variables Influencing

Individual Behavior

The Person

skills & abilities

personality

perception

attribution

attitudes

values

ethics



Conscientiousness

Conscientiousness



Extraversion/introversion

Extraversion/introversion



Openness to experience

Openness to experience



Emotional stability

Emotional stability



Agreeableness

Agreeableness

The “Big Five” Personality Dimensions



Less anxious

Less anxious



Set harder goals

Set harder goals



Manage stress well and adapt to

Manage stress well and adapt to

change

change



More considerate of followers and

More considerate of followers and

less likely to use coercive power

less likely to use coercive power



Internal CEOs select risky and

Internal CEOs select risky and

innovative strategies

innovative strategies

Characteristics Of Individuals

With Internal Locus Of Control

Sensation Thinkers (ST)

Focus on hard facts

Realistic, goal-oriented but

can be impatient and jump

into action quickly

Intuitive Thinkers (NT)

Change agents

Responsive to creativity

but can be unreasonable and

unaware of others

Sensation Feelers (SF)

Practical and caring

Good understanding of

systems but can be

reluctant to accept change

THINKING (T)

FEELING (F)

INTUITIVE (N)

SENSING (S)

Four Major MBTI Types

Four Major MBTI Types

Intuitive Feelers (NF)

Personal charisma and

commitment to others

Many ideas, trouble with

implementation

The Johari Window

Known to Self Not Known to

Self

Known to

Others

FREE/ARENA BLIND SPOT

Not Known to

Others

FACADE UNKNOWN