Impacts on the World Order - The Post World War - Lecture Slides, Slides of History

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Lecture 28:

Impacts on the

World Order:

Welcoming the

Non-state Actors

Question of Week 4:

Why was 911 so Special?

• George W Bush: “A Threat with No Precedent”… - Actor
• Event
• Venue
• Tool
• Timing
• The Actor – Non-state Actors!!

PART I

Definition of Non-state Actors

Trans-nationalism

• State Actors and Nationalism

Vs Non-state Actors and Trans-nationalism

• Goals of Trans-nationalist Organizations:
  • Beyond the Sole Interests of ONE State
  • Common Interests of Many States (e.g. Pan-Slavism)
  • Common Interests of Many People, but against the Sole Interests of States (e.g. Environmentalism)
• Membership: Trans-nationalistic
• Quasi-state Structural Organization (refer to Part II)

NSAs Vs NGOs

• Non-state Actors
  • “Legitimate” NSA: Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization (UNPO)
  • “Illegitimate” NSA: Al-Qaeda
• Non-governmental Organizations
  • NGO Research Center at Tsinghua University
  • Green Peace, Oxfam, Friends of the Earth…

Illegitimate NSA:

Transfiguration

• NSA: the Ability of

“Transfiguration” into States

• Part of Al-Qaeda  Afghanistan (as a “cell”)
• Part of Al-Qaeda Remains a “Terrorist” Umbrella Organization
• Taliban “Transformed” Back into Al- Qaeda
• Green Peace can’t Replace the

US Government!

Nature of Al-Qaeda

• Al-Qaeda = the “Base” … of what?
• Decentralized, Loose Connection of “Cells”
• Founding Members:
  • Former Mujahedeen Fighters in Afghanistan +
  • “Arab Afghans” (Middle Eastern Supporters of

Mujahedeens)

• New Members:
  • Anti-state Advocators Around the World (for

various reasons)

Leadership Structure of Al-Qaeda

• Supreme Leader:
  • Osama Bin Laden
• Vice-Leader:
  • Ayman al-Zawahiri
  • Former Leader of Muslim Brotherhoods of Egypt
• Military Commander:
  • Mohammed Atef
  • Police Leader in Egypt

Financial Capabilities (I)

• William Wechsler: “Strangling the

Hydra – Targeting Al Qaeda’s

Finances”

• The Ways to Make Money:
  • Legal Business and Investment (~ National Financial Investment Scheme)
  • Criminal Schemes (e.g. Opium)
  • Direct Donations (~ “Direct Tax”)
  • Indirect Donations (~ “Indirect Tax”)

Financial Capabilities (II)

• How to Generate Cash Flow?
  • Cash Smuggling
  • Formal Banking System (Bank Havens)
  • Underground Banking System ( hawala )
• Concept of “National Reserve”?
  • Balance Budget!

Assigned Readings

• Main Text:
  • William Wechsler: “Strangling the Hydra – Targeting Al Qaeda’s Finances” (H&R P.129-143)
• Supplementary Text:
  • Louise Richardson: “Terrorists as Transnational Actors.” Taylor, Max and Horgan, John. Ed. The Future of Terrorism. London: Frank Cass, 2000. P.200-219.

PART III

Concept of the

2-dimensional (2D) World

The Westphalian World System

• Thirty Years War (1618-1648)
  • The First European “World War”
  • Holy Roman Empire, France, Sweden, Denmark, Spain
  • Battleground: Modern Germany
• Treaty of Westphalia (1648)
  • Signed by All Major States at the time
  • Settled State Borders
  •  Decline of Feudalism and the Influence of Church over Internal Affairs of States
  •  Rise of Absolutism & Nationalism within the States

State > Non-state Actors, why??

ROUND I – Fight!

• Better Protection over Citizens
• Better Esprit de corps during the Time of

Great Discovery, Revolution and

Scientific Evolution

• Increased National Uniqueness:
  • Language, Culture, Religions…
• The Rule of Reasons:
  • Nationalism/ Machiavellianism

  • Philosophy/ Theology …