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Immune System Defense Mechanisms and Infectious Diseases, Exams of Nursing

Sharda UniversityNursing

A comprehensive overview of the human immune system's defense mechanisms against foreign invaders, including the first and second lines of defense, as well as the specific and memory-based third line of defense. It delves into the components and mechanisms of each line of defense, such as physical and chemical barriers, phagocytosis, inflammation, and the roles of different immune cells and antibodies. The document also covers various infectious diseases, their causative agents, symptoms, and complications, including bacterial infections like staphylococcus aureus, streptococcus pyogenes, and e. Coli, as well as viral infections like influenza and hiv. It discusses diagnostic methods, treatment approaches, and the importance of understanding these infectious diseases for maintaining good health.

Typology: Exams

2024/2025

Available from 09/18/2024

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BIO 242 EXAM 3|Already Graded A+
BIO 242 EXAM 3
Which lines of defense would be considered nonspecific? - ansFirst line of defense
Second line of defense
Differentiate between components of first and second line defense -
ansFIRST:Physical and Chemical barriers
SECOND: phagocytosis, inflammation, fever, antimicrobial proteins
FLOD: lysozome - ansis secreted in tears in saliva
What human body region is protected by fatty acids, acidic pH, lactic acid, and tough
cell barrier with its own normal biota? - ansskin
The sweat doud on skin and saliva in the mouth attributed to what line of defense? -
ansFirst line
Eosinophils - ansattack parasitic helminths
Basophils - ans- make up less than .5% of circulating WBCs
- granules contain histamine
When monocytes migrate from the blood out to the tissues, they are transformed by
inflammatory mediators to develop into________ - ansMacrophages
Inflammation- Cardinal Signs - ans- Rubor: redness
- Calor: warmth
-Tumor: swelling
Dolor: pain
The third line of defense against foreign invaders van be describes as having
_______ and _______ - ansSpecificity and Memory
A foreign molecule that causes a specific immune response is an ______ -
ansAntigen
___ cells are part of the humoral immunity and mature in the BM - ansB cells
____ cells are part of the cell mediated immunity and mature in the thymyus - ansT
cells
The most abundant class of antibodies in serum is - ansIgG
_____ cells secrete antibodies - ansPlasma
IgG - ansmonomer
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BIO 242 EXAM 3

Which lines of defense would be considered nonspecific? - ansFirst line of defense Second line of defense Differentiate between components of first and second line defense - ansFIRST:Physical and Chemical barriers SECOND: phagocytosis, inflammation, fever, antimicrobial proteins FLOD: lysozome - ansis secreted in tears in saliva What human body region is protected by fatty acids, acidic pH, lactic acid, and tough cell barrier with its own normal biota? - ansskin The sweat doud on skin and saliva in the mouth attributed to what line of defense? - ansFirst line Eosinophils - ansattack parasitic helminths Basophils - ans- make up less than .5% of circulating WBCs

  • granules contain histamine When monocytes migrate from the blood out to the tissues, they are transformed by inflammatory mediators to develop into________ - ansMacrophages Inflammation- Cardinal Signs - ans- Rubor: redness
  • Calor: warmth -Tumor: swelling Dolor: pain The third line of defense against foreign invaders van be describes as having _______ and _______ - ansSpecificity and Memory A foreign molecule that causes a specific immune response is an ______ - ansAntigen ___ cells are part of the humoral immunity and mature in the BM - ansB cells ____ cells are part of the cell mediated immunity and mature in the thymyus - ansT cells The most abundant class of antibodies in serum is - ansIgG _____ cells secrete antibodies - ansPlasma IgG - ansmonomer

IgA - ansdimer IgM - anspentamer Example of natural active immunity - anschicken pox infection, followed by lifelong immunity Example of natural passive immunity - ansbreastfeeding or an antitoxin because the body receives fully formed immunoglobulins and will not result in memory In HIV infection - ansCD4 T- helper cells are attacked, disruption of cell mediated immunity Tetanus differs from botulism in that - ansmuscles cannot relax in tetanus, while muscles cannot contract in botulism. Botulism caused by an - ans-exotoxin

  • prevents the release of AcH resulting in faccid paralysis Oral lesions called Koplik's spot are seen in patients with _____ - ansmeasles infectious mononucleosis (Epstein-Barr virus) - anssigns/ symptoms: fatigue, sore throat, cervical lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly Variant Cruetzfeldt-Jakob Disease (vCJD) is caused by ______ - ansPrions When bacteria flourish and grow in the bloodstream the conditioned is termed _____
  • ansSepsis If a person who has never been infected with human herpesvirus 3 comes in contact with the fluid of shingle lesions, they will come down with ______ - anschickenpox A bull's- eye rash at the site of a tick bite is associated with ___ - ansLyme disease The causative agent of lyme disease is - ansBorrelia burgdorferi Staphylococcus aureus can cause - ansMRSA impetigo, scalded syndrome and necrotizing fasciitis Can food poisoning still occur after consuming a reheated pot of soup known to be contaminated with staphylococcus aureus? - ans-G+ and clusters of grapes
  • yes Causative agent of ocular trachoma - ansChlamydia trachomatis Causative agent of pharyngitis - ansStreptococcus pyogenes Untreated streptococcal pharyngitis can lead to the following complications - ans- scarlet fever

intestines. E.coli O157: H7 is a strain of E.coli that causes diarrhea. E.coli usually exists on the surface of whole cut meats, it is much easier to kill this bacteria on whole cut meat rather than ground beef. S. Aureus is a gram positive pathogen known to cause infection. When food is initially cooked it should be killed off like E.coli. But there is potential for the food to be contaminated after it cools down. The pathogen has potential to produce heat resistant enterotoxins that are able to survive in the heating process Differentiate between components of first and second line of defense. List 3 components of each line along with details on their mechanism - ansFirst LOD

  • nonspecific -physical and chemical barriers -a surface of protection composed of anatomical and physiological barriers hat keeps microbes from penetrating sterile body components Second LOD:
  • nonspecific
  • phagocytosis, inflammation, fever, anti microbial proteins
  • a cellular and chemical system that comes immediately into play if infectious agents make it past the surface defense Explain the process of inflammation- the four cardinal signs and the mechanism. What are the two most common mediators of inflammation and their role in the process. - ansRubor- redness Calor- warmth Tumor- swelling Dolor- pain Histamine Mast cells: involved with allergic and inflammatory reaction Cytokines: materials secreted by immune system