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The Development of Sociology: A Historical Perspective, Lecture notes of Sociology

Universitas Jambi (UJ)Sociology

An in-depth exploration of the historical development of sociology, a social science that studies society and human behavior. The text delves into the origins of sociology, its evolution from social philosophy to an independent science, and its growth in various parts of the world, including indonesia. Key figures such as auguste comte, herbert spencer, and soenario kolopaking are discussed, along with the challenges and threats that led to the emergence of sociology as a distinct discipline. The document also highlights the early development of sociology in indonesia, its initial status as an auxiliary science, and its subsequent growth and recognition after indonesia's independence.

Typology: Lecture notes

2022/2023

Available from 04/20/2024

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HISTORY OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIOLOGY IN
THE WORLD
Sociology is a relatively new knowledge compared to other social
sciences. Sociology studies a lot about society and the activities it carries out.
Society is a group of individuals who have relationships, have common
interests, and have a culture. Sociology wants to study society, community
behavior and human social behavior by observing the behavior of the groups
they build. As a science, sociology is social knowledge which is composed of
the results of scientific thought and can be controlled critically by other people
or the public. With that, we have to study sociology well in order to know more
deeply about society.
We may ask how sociology developed to reach its current form.
Sociology originally became a part of social philosophy. This science discusses
society. However, at that time, discussions about society only revolved around
things that attracted general attention, such as war, social tension or conflict,
and power within the ruling classes. In subsequent developments,
discussions about society increased to a deeper scope, namely regarding the
expected structure of life and norms that must be obeyed by all members of
society. Since that. A new study of society developed, called sociology.
According to Berger and Berger, sociology developed into an
independent science because of threats to the social order that had long been
considered to be so real and true. L Laeyendecker identified these threats as
including:
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HISTORY OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIOLOGY IN

THE WORLD

Sociology is a relatively new knowledge compared to other social sciences. Sociology studies a lot about society and the activities it carries out. Society is a group of individuals who have relationships, have common interests, and have a culture. Sociology wants to study society, community behavior and human social behavior by observing the behavior of the groups they build. As a science, sociology is social knowledge which is composed of the results of scientific thought and can be controlled critically by other people or the public. With that, we have to study sociology well in order to know more deeply about society. We may ask how sociology developed to reach its current form. Sociology originally became a part of social philosophy. This science discusses society. However, at that time, discussions about society only revolved around things that attracted general attention, such as war, social tension or conflict, and power within the ruling classes. In subsequent developments, discussions about society increased to a deeper scope, namely regarding the expected structure of life and norms that must be obeyed by all members of society. Since that. A new study of society developed, called sociology. According to Berger and Berger, sociology developed into an independent science because of threats to the social order that had long been considered to be so real and true. L Laeyendecker identified these threats as including:

  • the occurrence of two revolutions, namely the industrial revolution and the French revolution,
  • the growth of capitalism at the end of the 15th century,
  • changes in the social and political fields,
  • changes that occurred as a result of the reform movement initiated by Martin Luther.
  • increasing individualism, the birth of modern science.
  • develop confidence in yourself. According to Laeyendecker, these threats caused long-term changes which at that time greatly shook European society and seemed to wake it up after several centuries of slumber. Auguste Comte, a French philosopher. seeing that these changes are not only positive, such as the development of democratization in society. but it also has a negative impact. One of these negative impacts is the occurrence of conflict between classes in society. According to Comte, these conflicts occurred because of the loss of norms or guidelines (normless) for society to act. Comte reflected on what was happening in French society at that time (19th century). After the outbreak of the French Revolution, French society was hit by conflict between classes. Comte saw that this happened because society no longer knew how to deal with the changes caused by the revolution and what laws could be used to regulate society's social order. Therefore, Comte suggested that all research on society be upgraded into an independent science. Comte envisioned the discovery of laws that could regulate social phenomena. However. Comte had not succeeded in developing these social laws into a science. He only gave a

many important sociological concepts such as leadership and kinship in the educational process at the Taman Siswa which he founded. We can also investigate the same thing in various works about Indonesia written by several Dutch people such as Snouck Hurgronje and Van Volenhaven around the 19th century. They used elements of sociology as a framework for understanding Indonesian society. Snouck Hurgronje, for example, used a sociological approach to understand the people of Aceh, the results of which were used by the Dutch government to control the area. From the description above, it can be seen that the history of sociology in Indonesia initially, namely before World War II, was only considered as an auxiliary science to other sciences. In other words, sociology has not been considered important enough to be studied and used as a science, which is separate from other sciences. Formally, the Law College (Rechtsshogeschool) in Jakarta at that time was the only higher education institution that taught sociology courses in Indonesia, although only as a complement to law courses. However, over time, this course was discontinued on the grounds that knowledge of the form and structure of society and the processes that occur in it was not needed in law studies. In their view, all one needs to know is the formulation of the regulations and the systems for interpreting them. Meanwhile, the cause of a regulation and the purpose of a regulation are considered unimportant. After the proclamation of independence on August 17 1945, sociology in Indonesia experienced quite significant developments. It was Soenario Kolopaking who first gave a sociology lecture in Indonesian in 1948 at the

Yogyakarta Academy of Political Sciences (now the UGM Faculty of Social and Political Sciences). As a result, sociology began to gain a place among academics in Indonesia, especially after increasing opportunities were opened for Indonesian people to study abroad since 1950. Many Indonesian students specifically studied sociology abroad, then taught that knowledge in Indonesia. The first sociology book in Indonesian was published by Djody Gondokusumo with the title Indonesian Sociology which contains several basic understandings of sociology. The presence of this book was well received by educated groups in Indonesia considering the revolutionary situation that was occurring at that time. This book seems to quench their thirst for knowledge that can help them in their efforts to understand the changes that occurred so quickly in Indonesian society at that time. After that, a sociology book appeared published by Bardosono which was a sociology lecture written by a student.