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Stored Procedures and Triggers

Database System

Informatics Engineering

Gunadarma University

Introduction to Stored Procedures: Stored procedures are precompiled SQL code blocks stored in a database. They encapsulate a series of SQL statements and can accept parameters, perform operations, and return results. Stored procedures offer several benefits, including improved performance, code reusability, and enhanced security. Introduction to Triggers: Triggers are database objects that automatically execute in response to certain database events, such as INSERT, UPDATE, or DELETE operations on specific tables. Triggers can be used to enforce business rules, maintain data integrity, or perform auditing tasks. Key Concepts in Stored Procedures and Triggers:

1. Stored Procedures: o Input Parameters: Stored procedures can accept input parameters, allowing for dynamic behavior based on user-defined values. o Output Parameters: Stored procedures can return values through output parameters, enabling data retrieval from database operations. o Error Handling: Stored procedures can handle errors gracefully using try-catch blocks or error codes. o Transaction Management: Stored procedures can participate in database transactions, ensuring data consistency and integrity.
2. Triggers: o Event Types: Triggers can be defined to execute before or after INSERT, UPDATE, or DELETE operations on tables. o Trigger Timing: Triggers can execute either before the triggering event (BEFORE trigger) or after the triggering event (AFTER trigger). o Row-Level vs. Statement-Level Triggers: Triggers can operate at the row level (for each affected row) or the statement level (once per SQL statement). o OLD and NEW Keywords: Triggers can access the OLD and NEW pseudo-tables to refer to the old and new values of rows affected by the triggering event.

Conclusion: Stored procedures and triggers are powerful database objects that enhance the functionality, performance, and security of database systems. By mastering the concepts of stored procedures and triggers, database developers can build robust and efficient database solutions that meet the requirements of complex business applications. Practice creating and using stored procedures and triggers to deepen your understanding of their capabilities and benefits.