Docsity
Docsity

Prepare for your exams
Prepare for your exams

Study with the several resources on Docsity


Earn points to download
Earn points to download

Earn points by helping other students or get them with a premium plan


Guidelines and tips
Guidelines and tips

FITT 2: Fitness Exercises and Goal Setting - Prof. Cruz, Lecture notes of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences

An in-depth exploration of fitness exercises, their categories, and their benefits. It discusses the concept of goal setting in fitness, including the importance of enjoyment, progression, overload, and feedback. The document also delves into delayed onset muscle soreness (doms), its relief, and the role of interval and circuit training. The benefits of exercise, both aerobic and resistance, are highlighted, along with their long-term effects on the body. The document concludes with a discussion on exercise and posture, including exercise requirements for correcting poor posture.

Typology: Lecture notes

2023/2024

Uploaded on 04/22/2024

crissa-cabacungan
crissa-cabacungan 🇵🇭

1 document

1 / 12

Toggle sidebar

This page cannot be seen from the preview

Don't miss anything!

bg1
College of Sports, Physical Education and Recreation
FITT 2 FITNESS EXERCISES
1
ALLAN C. GUANLAO
FITT 2 Instructor
GOAL SETTING
GOALS
Goals are like magnets that attract us to higher ground and new horizons.
A goal is a possibility that fulfils dreams.
Goals direct attention to important elements of the skills being performed.
Goals prolong performer persistence.
Goals foster the development of new learning strategies.
TYPES
Process Goals Focused on improving performance, techniques and
strategies.
Performance Goals focused on overall performance
Outcome Goals focused on winning and social comparison
GOAL SETTING
Is the process of identifying something that you want to accomplish;
Is a management technique that involves developing an action plan with targets for a
team or individual;
It is considered both a tool of strategy implementation and performance management;
Most effective performance enhancement strategy.
Part of MST Mental Skills Training
TYPES
1. Mission Statements - A short inspiring statement that captures your goals,
principles and values.
2. Vision Statement - A vision statement paints a picture of your future. At the
organizational level, it's an all-encompassing goal for the future of the
organization. As with mission statements, vision statements are usually short
and catchy.
3. Big Hairy Audacious Goal - A Big Hairy Audacious Goal is an overly ambitious
goal that you're not likely to achieve but represents a statement about your
drive, determination and vision. They are commonly used to motivate
employees and inspire customers.
pf3
pf4
pf5
pf8
pf9
pfa

Partial preview of the text

Download FITT 2: Fitness Exercises and Goal Setting - Prof. Cruz and more Lecture notes Physical Activity and Sport Sciences in PDF only on Docsity!

FITT 2 – FITNESS EXERCISES

1 ALLAN C. GUANLAO

GOAL SETTING

GOALS

✓ Goals are like magnets that attract us to higher ground and new horizons. ✓ A goal is a possibility that fulfils dreams. ✓ Goals direct attention to important elements of the skills being performed. ✓ Goals prolong performer persistence. ✓ Goals foster the development of new learning strategies. TYPES

  • Process Goals – Focused on improving performance, techniques and strategies.
  • Performance Goals – focused on overall performance
  • Outcome Goals – focused on winning and social comparison GOAL SETTING ✓ Is the process of identifying something that you want to accomplish; ✓ Is a management technique that involves developing an action plan with targets for a team or individual; ✓ It is considered both a tool of strategy implementation and performance management; ✓ Most effective performance enhancement strategy. ✓ Part of MST – Mental Skills Training TYPES
  1. Mission Statements - A short inspiring statement that captures your goals, principles and values.
  2. Vision Statement - A vision statement paints a picture of your future. At the organizational level, it's an all-encompassing goal for the future of the organization. As with mission statements, vision statements are usually short and catchy.
  3. Big Hairy Audacious Goal - A Big Hairy Audacious Goal is an overly ambitious goal that you're not likely to achieve but represents a statement about your drive, determination and vision. They are commonly used to motivate employees and inspire customers.

FITT 2 – FITNESS EXERCISES

2 ALLAN C. GUANLAO

  1. Management By Objectives - Management By Objectives is a management technique that implements strategies and manages performance with a process of participative goal setting.
  2. Balanced Scorecard - A goal setting, strategy implementation and performance management methodology that sets measurable goals that map to strategy known as scorecards. Each scorecard includes data items in four areas: financial, customer, internal and learning.
  3. S.M.A.R.T.E.R. - is the criteria that goals be specific, measurable, achievable, realistic and time-bound. It is commonly used in goal setting and project management. Specific - Describes what you want to accomplish with as much detail as possible. Measurable – Describes goals in terms that can be clearly evaluated. No measurement means that task or goal will never be attained. Achievable / Action Oriented – Identifies a goal that focuses on actions rather than personal qualities, Goals must have an action in order to complete it. Realistic – Identifies goals that are actually able to be attained. Goals can be challenging but not unrealistic. Time Bound – identify goals that break a longer term goal into a shorter term goals and clearly specifies a completion date. Exciting – exercise should be fun and exciting! You should choose exercise activities that you will enjoy. However, not all enjoyable physical activities will promote improvement in health- related physical fitness. Recorded – monitoring your exercise progress is an important factor in providing feedback and motivation to continue. Maintain an exercise log to provide feedback in terms of the amount of exercise performed and another is fitness testing, it will provide positive feedback when fitness levels are improving. PRINCIPLE OF GOAL SETTING
  4. Set specific goals
  5. Set moderately difficult but realistic goals
  6. Set short / long term goal
  7. Set performance and process as well as outcome goals
  8. Set practice and competition goals
  9. Record goals
  10. Develop goal achievement strategies

FITT 2 – FITNESS EXERCISES

4 ALLAN C. GUANLAO Reversibility – indicates situation in which the degree of adaptation brought about by the training loads will gradually weaken because the intensity was reduced. Tedium – enjoyable form of trainings Modalities/Supplementary Activities to Improve Performance

  1. Warm-up Exercises Dynamic Exercises Static Exercises
  2. Game Based Activity
  3. Cool Down Exercises

DELAYED ONSET MUSCLE SORENESS AND ITS SPELL

RELIEF

D.O.M.S.

  • Any activity that places an unaccustomed load on muscles may lead to a condition referred to as delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS).
  • This type of soreness is different from acute pain or soreness that develops during the actual activity.
  • Typically, delayed soreness begins to develop 12-24 hours after the exercise has been performed and may produce the greatest discomfort between 24-72 hours after exercise. 5
  • The soreness that you feel is actually muscle injury. When you exercise a muscle that is unaccustomed to a particular workload (beginning a new program, or changing the intensity of your current program), muscle damage occurs.
  • Some experts believe pain is also associated with general inflammation and the increased release of certain enzymes.
  • The soreness is not caused by a build up of lactic acid. This is a common misconception that has been disproven by many studies.
  • Exercises that stretch or elongate muscles, referred to as an eccentric contraction, tend to cause more damage and soreness than exercises that shorten muscles, called concentric.
  • As the body repairs itself muscle fibers become a little stronger to prepare for their next bout of exercise, and soreness is less common. SPELL RELIEF ON D.O.M.S.

FITT 2 – FITNESS EXERCISES

5 ALLAN C. GUANLAO

  • DOMS is often a yellow (caution) flag that overload is too great. Thus, the most effective way to reduce DOMS is through quality training habits.
    • No more than 10% increases in intensity, resistance, or duration is the best way to minimize muscle soreness.
    • There is no reliable evidence that traditional R.I.C.E. therapy (Rest, Ice, Compression, and Elevation) are effective tools against DOMS. TRAINING METHODS
    1. Continuous training
    • Exercising without rest intervals
    • Two types of continuous training: a. Slow but long distance b. High intensity
    1. Fartlek training
    • Training allows us to develop the fitness we choose in the way that we like.
    1. Interval training
    • Alternating between strenuous exercise & rest.
    • Interval training permits the athlete to train at intensities close to VO2max for a greater amount of time than would be possible in a single exercise season at a continuous high intensity.
    1. Circuit training
    • Fusion of cardio and resistance exercises
    • Is basically a big cardio session with resistance exercises thrown in. or it is resistance session, but where you would normally rest between your sets, you will be stimulating your cardiovascular system (doing some form of cardio exercise for a short time)
    1. Weight training
    • Muscle training is the ability of the muscle to do maximum work within the shortest amount of time. Muscle endurance is the ability of the muscle to do moderate work over an extended period of time. Weight Training trains and develops the muscle for power. Spot reduction is not possible; however, adding lean muscle raises the Basal metabolic Rate and therefore bums more total body fat.
    1. Plyometrics
      • Plyometrics employed to develop power and explosive responsiveness, uses the stretch-shorten cycle (SSC). The whole idea is to develop the most amount of force

FITT 2 – FITNESS EXERCISES

7 ALLAN C. GUANLAO

  • fitness can be described as a condition that helps us look, feel and do our best; it is the foundation for health and well-being. WHAT IS EXERCISE?
  • Planned, structured, repetitive movement of body designed to improve or maintain physical fitness. WHY EXERCISE? The term hypokinetic describes many of the diseases and conditions associated with inactivity and poor fitness and first originated in the book Hypokinetic Disease (Kraus & Raab,1961). Hypokinetic Diseases include: Obesity High blood pressure High cholesterol Osteoporosis Osteoarthritis Lower back pain Type 2 diabetes mellitus HEALTH BENEFITS OF EXERCISE (DOH, 2004) Physically active people have a 33-50% lower risk of developing type 2 diabetes compared with inactive people. The preventative effect is particularly strong for those at high risk of developing type 2 diabetes, as it can reduce their risk of developing the disease by up to 64%
  • Physical activity programs can help reduce the risk of falling, and therefore fractures, among older people
  • Physical activity is effective in the treatment of clinical depression and can be as successful as psychotherapy or medication, particularly in the longer term.
  • Physical activity is associated with a reduction in overall risk of cancer. In colon cancer the most active individuals have, on average, a 40-50% lower risk than the least active. Women with higher levels of physical activity have about a 30% lower risk of breast cancer than the least active
  • Physical activity is a major independent protective factor against coronary heart disease in men and women. Inactive and unfit people have almost double the risk of dying from coronary heart disease compared with more active and fit people. People at high risk of coronary heart disease may benefit even more from physical activity compared with people at lower risk. Physical activity also significantly reduces the risk of a stroke and provides effective treatment of peripheral vascular disease EXERCISE CATEGORY The key differences between these two types of exercises are the duration and the exercise intensity.
    1. Aerobic/Cardiovascular

FITT 2 – FITNESS EXERCISES

8 ALLAN C. GUANLAO These types of exercises are low to moderate in intensity using slow twitch muscle fibres, these primarily utilise energy created from the aerobic energy system and typically use large muscle groups in a rhythmical movement for extended periods of time. For example cycling, swimming and running Cardiovascular exercise improves the efficiency of oxygen transfer between the heart and lungs, this can be measured using VO2 max. VO2 max is the maximum capacity of an individual’s body to transport and use oxygen during exercise. Maximal oxygen uptake (VO2 max) is widely accepted as the single best measure of cardiovascular fitness and maximal aerobic power. Absolute values of VO2 max are typically 40-60% higher in men than in women.” (Hyde & Gengenbach 2007) Standard VO2 max tests include:

  • Cooper VO2 max test (12 minute maximum run)
  • The multi stage fitness test (bleep test)
  • Queens college step test
  • Rockport Fitness walking test
  1. Anaerobic/Resistance Resistance exercises are a form of strength training at a moderate to high intensity using fast twitch muscle fibres to apply effort or force to overcome a specific load. Energy for resistance training is primarily anaerobic (without oxygen) in both the ATPPC and lactate systems. If the individual wishes to measure the development to fast twitch muscle fibres then 1 repetition max tests could be completed to measure the maximal force chosen muscles can generate in a single repetition. There are a variety of ways in which muscles can be worked during resistance training, these include:
  • Isometric – are movements in which contracting muscles stay the same length whilst applying a force (the plank)
  • Concentric – causes muscles to shorten as they contract under tension to apply force (upward phase of a bicep curl)
  • Eccentric – are the opposite to concentric contractions, muscles lengthen under tension to apply a force (controlled lowering phase of a bicep curl) EFFECTS OF EXERCISE ON THE BODY The body will adapt to the pressures put upon it if the overload principle is used. When this is applied, the body will develop so that it is better suited to these pressures. The type of training undertaken will promote different adaptations. Long Term Benefits of Resistance Training to the Body Increased bone density

FITT 2 – FITNESS EXERCISES

10 ALLAN C. GUANLAO

  • Stretch Hip Flexors
  • Stretch Quadriceps
  • Stretch Erector Spinae Kyphosis Exercise Requirements:
  • Strengthen Posterior Deltoid
  • Strengthen Trapezius
  • Strengthen Rhomboid
  • Strengthen Infraspinatus and Teres Minor
  • Stretch Latissimus Dorsi
  • Stretch Pectorals
  • Stretch Anterior Deltoid Flat Back Exercise Requirements:
  • Strengthen Posterior Deltoids
  • Strengthen Trapezius
  • Strengthen Rhomboids
  • Strengthen Infraspinatus and Teres Minor
  • Strengthen Hip Flexors
  • Strengthen Quadriceps
  • Stretch Gluteals
  • Stretch Hamstrings
  • Stretch Pectorals
  • Stretch Abdominals

FACTORS AFFECTING FITNESS & PROPER WARM-UP,

COOL DOWN AND STRETCHING EXERCISE

FACTORS AFFECTING FITNESS

Diet – When exercising, the body requires sufficient quantities of substances for energy, growth and repair. A diet that lacks in quality can lead to fatigue, increased levels of adipose tissue, poor bone growth and slow results in a training programme. Activity level/type – The frequency, intensity, type and time of activities will be a large factor as to the physiological progressions to the human body. Physical disabilities – There are many disabilities that can cause physical impairment, however exercise adaptations can help correct/enhance body functioning with targeted exercises. Illness and fatigue – Illness will affect training directly. Depending on the illness this can be both short and long term. Fatigue will hamper progress. Rest is an essential part of an exercise programme. Drugs – These can be both social and medical. These should be picked up in pre-exercise screening. If medical drugs are prescribed, exercise clearance may need to be sought from the clients GP. If social drugs

FITT 2 – FITNESS EXERCISES

11 ALLAN C. GUANLAO are taken this will affect the body in a variety of ways. Training should never take place if you suspect a client has taken recreational drugs. PURPOSE OF WARM-UP AND COOL DOWN When designing an exercise program, it is essential that a specific warm up and cool down are included. These are often neglected by gym users but have an important role in preparing and returning the body to a pre-exercise state to reduce the risk of injury. WARM UP A warm up is an exercise that gradually builds in intensity at the beginning of a workout. This prepares muscles, heart rate, blood pressure and body temperature for the forthcoming exercises. A typical warm up may include cardiovascular exercise with a gradual increase in intensity. This is often referred to as a pulse raiser. Mobilisation exercises to promote joint movement and pre exercise stretching ( static, dynamic or ballistic ) may also be included. A warm up is prescribed to raise the body temperature to 39/40 degrees. This small increase in temperature has many benefits to exercise performance:

  1. This heating effect will allow the muscles and tendons to become more extensible. This in turn will create more supple muscle fibres and enhance stretching.
  2. An increase in oxygen and essential nutrients to muscle tissue, which occurs due to an increase in blood flow through vasodilation.
  3. Specific warm ups that mirror the activity about to take place will enhance neural pathways, which speeds up reaction time.
  4. Secretion of synovial fluid helps lubricate joints.
  5. Psychological preparation for physical activity/exercise. The risk of injury can be reduced by about one third and the risk of severe injuries by as much as a half. (Soligard T, Myklebust G, Steffen K, et al. 2008). TYPES OF WARM UP Passive Warm Up – increases body temperature by some external means, for example a bath or massage, this however is not the most appropriate method to prepare muscles for exercise. General Warm Up – increases body temperature by using general rhythmical body movements which use large muscle groups, examples of movements include jogging, cycling and rowing. Exercise Specific Warm Up – increases body temperature whilst using specific muscle groups that are going to be used within the exercise following the warm up. For example in football a warm up would include drills and exercises (turns, jumps and lunges) which replicate the players movement patterns within a game. COOL DOWN The purpose of a cool down is to return the body to a pre exercise state. This may involve a cardiovascular cool down lasting 5-10 minutes in which the working intensity is gradually reduced by reducing the speed and resistance allowing a gradual decrease in temperature, heart rate and blood pressure, back to resting levels. By gently working the major muscle groups blood pooling is reduced and the removal of waste