PARTICIPATION RATIOS
Article XII.
National
Economy
and
Patrimony
Economic Activity
Ratio
ART. XII, SEC. 2 (1)
Exploration, development and
utilization (EDU) of natural
resources
100% by the State
ART. XII, SEC. 2 (1)
Co-production, joint venture and
production sharing agreements
Filipino Citizens (FCs) and
corporations/associations (corp/ass) at
least 60% of whose capital stock is owned
by such FCs.
For a period not exceeding 25 years;
renewable for not more than 25 years
ART. XII, SEC. 2(2)
Use and enjoyment of nation’s
marine wealth
Reserved for 100% FCs
ART. XII, SEC. 2(3)
Small-scale utilization of natural
resources
May, by law, allow 100% FCs
*Exception to entering JV, CP, and PSA
ART. XII, SEC. 2(3)
Cooperative fish farming, with
priority to subsistence fishermen
and fish workers in rivers, lakes,
bays and lagoon
May, by law, allow 100% FCs
ART. XII, SEC. 2 (4)
Technical and financial assistance
(service contracts) for the large
scale exploration, development
and utilization of mineral,
petroleum, and other mineral oils
100% Foreign-owned corporations
provided:
● There is a law allowing it
● President himself must sign
● President must notify Congress within
30 days from execution. (La Bugal
B’laan vs. DENR)
ART. XII, SEC. 3(1)
Acquire / hold agricultural lands in
the public domain
● FCs
- acquire up to 12 hectares (has)
- hold up to 500 has
● Corp/ass – hold only up to 1,000 has.
but not exceeding 25 years,
renewable for more than 25 years
