Download Exam 2 | HIST - History of Western Civilization and more Quizzes Cultural History of Europe in PDF only on Docsity!
Etruscans
established in northern Italy 750BCE. mystery people. had heavy big walls/looked like conquering people. Romans borrowed heavily from them. great craftsmen: jewelry, bronze and block statues/pottery. women had high positions in society. believed in after-life. necropolis: city of the dead. underground tombs with connected passageways. brightly colored paintings & buried dead with things they could use.expanded onto Sicily, Corsica, and the western coast of Italy.took over Rome from Latins also. Were the starters of the Roman Empire. Created oligarch made up of Romans TERM 2
Consuls
DEFINITION 2
Members of the aristocratic senate. 2 were chosen to run
Rome: only elected once. Job was to carry out the senate
decisions. Usually members of the leading families.
Possessed imperium: right to command. Led Roman army
into battle
TERM 3
Praetor
DEFINITION 3
Established in 366 BCE. Roman executive official responsible
for the administration of the law. Possessed imperium.
Governed Rome when consuls were away from the city.
TERM 4
The Senate
DEFINITION 4
-assembly of older men-acted as an exec committee-
members of the leading families-chose the consuls-
Patricians/Aristocracy-Very powerful
TERM 5
The Centuriate
Assembly
DEFINITION 5
-Assembly of Tribes-Broken into groups of 100-Power of this
was very weak-Made up of the Plebeians-Organized by vote
by section based upon wealth -More wealth = more votes -
Voting power usually rested with top two groups/families
Sulla
Member of equestrians. Young with no connections. Followed in Marius footsteps. Be free of Rome or part of it (wanted independence). Social war/Italian war. Elected council in 88 BCE. Was sent of to defeat Mithridates by Rome. Went to Asia minor. Marius returns and is elected consul. Sulla comes back and attacks Rome; is successful. Marius flees, but while Sulla is far away; Marius comes back and is elected consul but dies 6 months later. Comes back after defeating Mithridates and creates and enemy of the state list. Declares himself dictator and reformsSenate = powerful (control everything) Assembly = no power TERM 7
First Triumvirate
DEFINITION 7 Crassus, Pompey, and Caesar. Undid Sullas reforms. Crassus : Asia Minor: Dies. Pompey: Rome: asks for Caesar to come back (to kill him). Caesar: Gaul: Successful & launches publicity campaign. Pompey worried he is getting too strong.On his way home, reaches the Rubicon and was supposed to travel alone, but he took his army across.This declared war with Pompey and the Senate. Caesar vs Pompey 49 BCE 47 BCE Pompey flees to Egypt, but his head was chopped off and sent back to Rome as a token for Caesar.Caesar visits Egypt and marries Cleopatra: becomes dictator. Ides of March.-March 15th, 44 BCE (Ides of March) Caesar assassinated in senate by own friends. TERM 8
Hortensian Law
DEFINITION 8
-287 BCE-all plebiscita (laws) passed by the plebeian
assembly had the force of law and were binding on the entire
community -plebeians and patricians-plebiscita did not need
the approval of the senate
TERM 9
Gracchus
Brothers
DEFINITION 9 Tiberius: Tribune: Made land and wealth reforms: Res Publica: needs of community before own/how can you contribute to the country:The peoples thing: ran for tribune again after his term, but wasnt allowed: Ultimately killedGaius: Tribune after Tiberius 10 years later: Expanded on his brothers efforts: Land reforms and powerful people: Ran for tribune a 2nd time: huge riot: lots of supporters were killed including himAfter this, politics became brutal TERM 10
Populares and Optimates
DEFINITION 10
the Optimates:Small land owners; talked about reforms,
nostalgic group; SENATE; tried to uphold the oligarchythe
Populares:Plebian Assembly; Represented common people;
sought popular support against the dominant oligarchy,
either in the interests of the people themselves or in
furthering their own personal goals.
Cato the Censor
-Roman praetor, consul, and member of the ruling class who assumed the office of censor in 184 AD-Scorned the Greeklings: people who follow Greek ways and read Greek philosophy/literature-Introduced decree to force all Greek philosophers to leave Rome -Learned Greek and let his son study in Athens because he realized Greek was becoming a necessity for Roman political life TERM 17
Hannibal
DEFINITION 17 Carthaginian general; Did not want to wait for Rome (Scipio) to come to them, so left early and marched wit elephants across Alps to Italy; Caught Romans by surprise, resulting in Carthage winning the first battle; Doesnt have enough men to take over the major cities though; Goes back to Carthage with a small # of his army; Battle of Zama; Hannibal flees; Greeks become target of Rome because they supported Hannibal; All of Greece becomes Roman and Greek culture/slaves flow into Rome; During the 3rd Punic war, Rome took over Carthage and did very draconic things; Created a new Rome that threatened Res Publica TERM 18
Plautus and Terence
DEFINITION 18 Plautus:Used plots from greek new comedy for his plays; Greek costumes and masks; Very popular playwright in Rome; Wrote about elements that appealed to the Romans; Drunkenness, gluttony, and womanizingTerence:Born in Carthage, but brought to Rome as a slave; Also wrote greek new comedy style of plays, but contained less slapstick than Plautus; Wrote to a more cultivated audience than to the masses: aristocracy TERM 19
Res Publica
DEFINITION 19
-needs of community before own/how can you contribute to
the country -The peoples thing-threatened during the 3rd
Punic War
TERM 20
Scipio Africanus
DEFINITION 20
-given command of roman forces in Spain-learned from the
tactics of Hannibal and was able to successfully defeat him
and the Carthaginian force-caused Rome to become the
dominant power in western Mediterranean
Latifundia
-large landed estates whre slaves worked on -huge gangs of
slaves living in pitiful conditions-plantantions
TERM 22
Cicero
DEFINITION 22 new man from equestrian class; became consul in 63 BCE; upheld interest of senate. Believed in cooperation of equestrians and senators; Concord of the orders. Did not possess great military skills and could not command an army; realized the senate needed the support of a powerful general if Concord of the orders was going to happen; saw Pompey as this man TERM 23
Marius
DEFINITION 23 Equestrian married into patrician family. Asked Rome to put him in command of an army because he will win the war; Command of army in Northern Africa. Needed to reform army because recruiting was harder now: not a lot of wealth; Equestrians and patricians no longer wanted to serve. Wanted control over land he won and was giving it to his men; Recruitment technique that attracted the proletarians;He supplied them with all of their equipment; Saw military as a way of economic advance; This created an army loyal to the commander, not an army loyal to Rome TERM 24
Second Triumvirate
DEFINITION 24 Octavian, Lepidus, and Marc Anthony; Divided empire between themselves; Octavian had the core of Rome. Lepidus North Africa, dies, goes to Octavian. Marc Anthony: Asia Minor (wealthiest). Octavian vs. Marc Anthony. Marc Anthony allies with Cleopatra, but upon losing to Octavian he commits suicide. Octavian goes to Egypt and captures Cleopatra: she commits suicide in capture. Octavian gets everything and creates the principate. Res Geste (my thing) TERM 25
Princeps
DEFINITION 25
-unofficial title used by the Roman emperors-first citizen of
the state -carried no power in itself, but Augustus held the
office of consul, which gave him imperium -the right to
command
The Principate
-image of the republic -made romans happy-real power rested with Augustus (consul, tribune, head of church, commander and chief of military)-delegated responsibilities-secret police: made people disappear-dispersed army, gave power back to patricians, and adanced opportunity for the equestrians-might makes right: ruled with iron fist-military rule = power TERM 32
Virgil
DEFINITION 32
-most distinguished poet of Augustan Age-wrote greatest
work in the emperors honor-The Aeneid: ideal Roman (duty,
faithfulness, piety)
TERM 33
Ovid
DEFINITION 33 Last of the greatest poets of the golden age; belonged to a group of Roman youths who liked to ridicule old Roman values; wrote series of love poems known as Amores; entertain and shock. Metamorphoses; Inspired many western painters, sculptors, writers- Shakespeare. The Art of Love; Hand book on the seduction of women; Applaud loose sexual morals of the Roman upper classes and Augustus was trying to clean them up; Chose to ignore Augustus wishes and paid the price; Banished to small town on the coast of the Black Sea; Died in exile TERM 34
Livy
DEFINITION 34
-Historian-Wrote the most famous Latin prose work of the
golden age -142 books: only 35 survived-Perceived history in
terms of a moral lesson -Human character was a determining
factor in history
TERM 35
Sadducees
DEFINITION 35
-upper class of Jewish class in Judaea-strict in Jewish
traditions and Jewish law-wealthy
Pharisees
-rival class of the Sadducees-strict on Jewish tradition-not so
strict on Jewish law-Wealthy
TERM 37
Jesus
DEFINITION 37 -Born a Zealot in 6AD 32AD in Galilee -Preached co-existence with Rome-Know only sections of life known as Gospels -Writings of his followers -Mark, Matthew, Luke, John-Sermon on the Mount - separate segments of Christianity-Death 32 AD -Preaching in Jerusilum; Arrested and took to Pontius Pilate; Had to kill: peace and stability;Crucified TERM 38
Coloni
DEFINITION 38
-free tenant farmers-paid rent in labor, produce, or
sometimes cash
TERM 39
Paul of Tarsus
DEFINITION 39
-2nd founder of Christianity-reached out to the non-Jewish-
changed structure and reached out to Romans, which
accepted the religion
TERM 40
Meditations
DEFINITION 40
Plutarch
TERM 47
Gladiators and the Gladiator
DEFINITION 47
