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An introduction to the field of ethics, also known as moral philosophy. It discusses the importance of ethics in our daily lives, the different areas of ethics (normative ethics, metaethics, and applied ethics), and the role of critical reasoning and logical arguments in moral decision-making. The document emphasizes the preeminence of reason in ethics, the principle of universalizability, and the dominance of moral norms over other types of norms. It highlights the challenges individuals face when trying to navigate moral dilemmas and the potential consequences of not engaging in ethical reflection. Overall, this document serves as a foundational overview of the key concepts and considerations in the study of ethics.
Typology: Summaries
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Ethics, or moral philosophy, is the study of morality - beliefs about right and wrong, good and bad. These beliefs guide our actions, define our values, and shape who we are as individuals. The question "How ought we to live?" posed by Socrates highlights the compelling nature of ethics - it is something we cannot escape. Even if one tries to remove themselves from the ethical realm, they have still assumed a particular view about morality and its place in their life. Dealing with moral conflicts, decisions, and debates is an unavoidable part of life.
Ethics is concerned with moral values - it determines what is most important in our lives, what is worth living and dying for. It helps us decide on the greatest good, life goals, virtues to cultivate, duties to fulfill, the value of human life, and what sacrifices to make for notions like the common good, justice, and rights. Ethical issues, such as the death penalty, saving a starving child, plagiarism, and female genital mutilation, matter greatly and require careful ethical reflection.
Many people choose to simply embrace the moral beliefs and norms given to them by their family and society without critical examination. This undermines personal freedom, as the beliefs are not truly one's own. It also increases the risk of incomplete, confused, or mistaken responses to moral dilemmas and contradictions. It hinders intellectual moral growth and the ability to defend one's beliefs against criticism. Other easy roads, such as subjectivism, are no better as they still require critical examination to avoid arbitrary choices.
Ethics is a branch of philosophy that uses critical reasoning to answer fundamental questions about morality. It is distinct from the descriptive approach of science, which studies how people actually behave and think about moral issues. The three major divisions in ethics are: Normative ethics - the study of principles, rules, or theories that guide our actions and judgments. Metaethics - the study of the meaning and logical structure of moral beliefs. Applied ethics - the application of moral norms to specific moral issues or cases, particularly in professions. It is important to distinguish between judgments of value (about what is morally good, bad, blameworthy, or praiseworthy) and judgments of obligation (about what is obligatory, a duty, or what we should or ought to do).
The Elements of Ethics
Doing ethics typically involves grappling with our feelings, taking into account the facts of the situation (including our own observations and relevant knowledge), and trying to understand the ideas that bear on the case. However, above all, it involves critical reasoning - the consideration of reasons for whatever statements (moral or otherwise) are in question. Our commonsense moral experience suggests that if a moral judgment is to be worthy of acceptance, it must be supported by good reasons, and our deliberations on the issue must include a consideration of those reasons.
The backbone of critical reasoning generally and moral reasoning in particular is logical argument. This kind of argument consists of a statement to be supported (the assertion to be proved; the conclusion) and the statements that do the supporting (the reasons for believing the statement; the premises). With such arguments, we try to show that a moral judgment is or is not justified, that a moral principle is or is not sound, that an action is or is not morally permissible, or that a moral theory is or is not plausible.
Our use of critical reasoning and argument helps us keep our feelings about moral issues in perspective. Feelings are an important part of our moral experience, as they make empathy possible and can serve as internal alarm bells. However, they are unreliable guides to moral truth, as they may simply reflect our own emotional needs, prejudices, upbringing, culture, and self- interests. Careful reasoning can inform our feelings and help us decide moral questions on their merits.
Logic requires that moral norms and judgments follow the principle of universalizability - the idea that a moral statement (a principle, rule, or