Epidemiological Issues in
Determining Whether Benzene
Causes Lymphatic Cancer
or
A Toxicologist’s Defense Against
the Pump Handle
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Benzene Exposure and Lymphatic Cancer Development: Epidemiological Insights, Slides of Public Health
The epidemiological evidence regarding the link between benzene exposure and the development of non-hodgkin's lymphoma and multiple myeloma. Historical context, toxicological principles, and data from studies and experiments. Students and researchers in the fields of toxicology, epidemiology, and environmental health may find this document useful for understanding the complex relationship between chemical exposure and cancer.
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Epidemiological Issues inDetermining Whether BenzeneCauses Lymphatic Cancer
or
A Toxicologist’s Defense Against
the Pump Handle
The Three Laws of Toxicology1. The dose makes the poison2. Chemicals have specific effects3. Humans are animals
The National Safety Council Congress….. In 1921 helda session on benzene poisoning. Dr. Lothar E. Weberof the Boston India Rubber Laboratory stated thatbenzene “has been criticized as very dangerous (and)very injurious… and, personally, I feel an injustice hasbeen done to this particular substance.”…In response, C.F. Horan of the Hood RubberCompany replied that inhalation experiments withbenzene, toluene, and xylene on guinea pigs andrabbits, showed acute toxicity of benzene compared tothe other two compounds. Not persuaded, Weberrejoined that he was not going to change his opinionaltogether on the basis of a few guinea pigexperiments.
Hounshell & Smith, 1988
Occam’s Razor is DullSimplest Proposition: One metabolite acting through onemechanism attacking one target Likely Truth: Multiple metabolites acting throughmultiple mechanisms attackingmultiple targets
Evidence Supporting Benzene
Leukemogenesis
1. Biomedical Plausibility2. Case Studies3. EpidemiologyA. Numerator SpecificB. Denominator Specificdocsity.com
Observed and Expected Deaths due toLeukemia in British Male Oil Refinery
Workers
Leukemia
All neoplasms
All deaths
O/E
Expected
Observed
Alderson & Rushton, 1982
Case Control Study of Benzene Exposureand Leukemia in 36 British Male Oil
Refinery Workers
RR (95% CI)
Medium or High
Low
Controls
Cases
BenzeneExposure Rushton & Alderson, 1981
Hematologic Effects of BenzeneCausality Probable but Unproven^ –^ Acute Lymphatic Leukemia^ –^ Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma^ –^ Multiple Myeloma^ –^ Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria^ –^ Chronic Myelogenous Leukemiadocsity.com
Hematologic Effects of BenzeneCausality Possible^ –^ Hodgkin’s Disease^ –^ Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia(and other Myeloproliferative