environmental chemistry lecture notes(introduciton), Lecture notes of Green and Environmental Chemistry

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Introduction

Assoc. Prof. Kozet YAPSAKLI

 Rain water  Storm water  River water/ Lake water  Groundwater  Ocean water  Industrial water  Drinking water  Agricultural water  Irrigation water  Brown water  Yellow water  Grey water  Sewage etc.

Types of water

HOW DO THEY APPEAR?

Green water = seems as if nutrient-enriched water

HOW DO THEY APPEAR

Brown water comes from swamps & forests

Algal bloom – sign of eutrophication

 Water Quality - How good is it?

 Affordability - What does it cost?

 Adequacy – Can it supply enough water?

 Reliability - How long will it last?

 Convenience - How far away is it from homesteads?

Choosing Water resources – Starting point of

WQ interventions

 SECONDARY

 non-health related contaminants that affect flavor, odor, color  iron  manganese  sulfate  hydrogen sulfide  chloride  recommended but not enforced

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TYPES OF DRINKING WATER STANDARDS

 Major Constituents (> 5 mg/L)  Ca  Mg  Na  Cl  Si  SO 4 2-^ - sulfate  H 2 CO 3 - carbonic acid  HCO 3 -^ - bicarbonate

Abundance of Dissolved Constituents in

Surface and Ground Water

Abundance of Dissolved Constituents

in Surface and Ground Water

 Trace Constituents

 (< 0.1 mg/l)  Al  As  Ba  Br  Cd  Co  Cu

 Pb  Mn  Ni  Se  Ag  Zn  others

 Pollutants/Contaminants Regulated

 Microorganisms, Disinfectants & Disinfectant Byproducts, Inorganic Chemicals, Organic Chemicals, Radionuclides

 Lists available at:

 http://www.epa.gov/safewater/contaminants/index.htm l

Drinking Water Standards

 Maximum Contamination Level (MCL's)

 set as close to the MCLG as is technically and economically feasible  enforceable

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KINDS OF HEALTH RELATED

STANDARDS

 Non-regulatory Health Advisory (HA's)

 Informal technical guidance regarding concentrations of drinking water contaminants at which adverse health effects would not be anticipated to occur

 non-regulatory purposes

 guidance to state and local officials when emergency conditions occur

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KINDS OF HEALTH RELATED

STANDARDS

Dose-Response Curves

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

0 20 40 60 80 100 Dose Rate (mg/kg/day)

Response

NOAEL

RfD

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Drinking Water Standards (EPA, May

A. Chemical

1. Maximum Contaminant Level (mg/ L) lead. mercury. nitrate (as N) 10. nitrite (as N) 1. alachlor (lasso) 0. aldicarb 0. atrazine 0. carbofuran (Furadan) 0.

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